Biosphere reserves. Caucasian State Biosphere Nature Reserve: detailed information
The following are also used with this calculator:
Graphical method for solving ZLP
Simplex method for solving ZLP
Solving a matrix game
Using the service online, you can determine the price of a matrix game (lower and upper limit), check for the presence of a saddle point, find a solution to a mixed strategy using the following methods: minimax, simplex method, graphical (geometric) method, Brown’s method.
Extremum of a function of two variables
Dynamic programming problems
The first stage of solving the transport problem is to determine its type (open or closed, or otherwise balanced or unbalanced). Approximate methods ( methods of finding reference plan ) allow for second stage of solution in a small number of steps obtain an acceptable, but not always optimal, solution to the problem. This group of methods includes the following methods:
- deletion (double preference method);
- northwest corner;
- minimum element;
- Vogel approximations.
Reference solution to the transport problem
The reference solution to the transport problem is any feasible solution for which the condition vectors corresponding to the positive coordinates are linearly independent. For check linear independence vectors of conditions corresponding to the coordinates of an admissible solution, cycles are used.Cycle A sequence of cells in a transport task table is called in which two and only adjacent cells are located in the same row or column, and the first and last are also in the same row or column. A system of vectors of transport problem conditions is linearly independent if and only if no cycle can be formed from the corresponding cells of the table. Therefore, an admissible solution to the transport problem, i=1,2,...,m; j=1,2,...,n is a reference only if no cycle can be formed from the table cells occupied by it.
Approximate methods for solving the transport problem.
Cross-out method (double preference method). If there is one occupied cell in a row or column of a table, then it cannot be included in any cycle, since a cycle has two and only two cells in each column. Therefore, you can cross out all the rows of the table that contain one occupied cell, then cross out all the columns that contain one occupied cell, then return to the rows and continue crossing out rows and columns. If, as a result of deleting, all rows and columns are crossed out, it means that from the occupied cells of the table it is impossible to select a part that forms a cycle, and the system of corresponding vectors of conditions is linearly independent, and the solution is a reference one. If, after deleting, some cells remain, then these cells form a cycle, the system of corresponding vectors of conditions is linearly dependent, and the solution is not a reference one.
Northwest Angle Method consists of sequentially going through the rows and columns of the transport table, starting from the left column and the top line, and writing out the maximum possible shipments in the corresponding cells of the table so that the supplier’s capabilities or the consumer’s needs stated in the task are not exceeded. In this method, no attention is paid to delivery prices, since further optimization of shipments is assumed.
Minimal Element Method. Featuring simplicity this method still more effective than, for example, the Northwest Angle method. Moreover, the minimum element method is clear and logical. Its essence is that in the transport table, the cells with the lowest tariffs are filled first, and then the cells with high tariffs. That is, we choose transportation with the minimum cost of cargo delivery. This is an obvious and logical move. True, it does not always lead to the optimal plan.
Vogel approximation method. With the Vogel approximation method, at each iteration, the difference between the two minimum tariffs written in them is found for all columns and all rows. These differences are recorded in a specially designated row and column in the table of problem conditions. Among the indicated differences, the minimum is chosen. In the row (or column) to which this difference corresponds, the minimum tariff is determined. The cell in which it is written is filled in at this iteration.
Example No. 1. Tariff matrix (here the number of suppliers is 4, the number of stores is 6):
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Reserves | |
1 | 3 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 100 | 80 |
2 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 60 |
3 | 10 | 4 | 18 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
4 | 7 | 19 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 100 | 60 |
Needs | 10 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 70 | 30 |
∑a = 80 + 60 + 30 + 60 = 230
∑b = 10 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 70 + 30 = 230
The balance condition is met. Supplies equal needs. So, the model of the transport problem is closed. If the model were open, it would be necessary to introduce additional suppliers or consumers.
On second stage The reference plan is searched using the methods given above (the most common is the least cost method).
To demonstrate the algorithm, we present only a few iterations.
Iteration No. 1. The minimum matrix element is zero. For this element, inventories are 60 and requirements are 30. We select the minimum number 30 from them and subtract it (see table). At the same time, we cross out the sixth column from the table (its needs are equal to 0).
3 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 4 | x | 80 |
4 | 4 | 18 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 60 - 30 = 30 |
10 | 4 | 18 | 8 | 6 | x | 30 |
7 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 1 | x | 60 |
10 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 70 | 30 - 30 = 0 | 0 |
Iteration No. 2. Again we are looking for the minimum (0). From the pair (60;50) we select the minimum number 50. Cross out the fifth column.
3 | 20 | 8 | x | 4 | x | 80 |
4 | 4 | 18 | x | 3 | 0 | 30 |
10 | 4 | 18 | x | 6 | x | 30 |
7 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 1 | x | 60 - 50 = 10 |
10 | 30 | 40 | 50 - 50 = 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
Iteration No. 3. We continue the process until we have selected all the needs and supplies.
Iteration No. N. The element you are looking for is 8. For this element, supplies are equal to requirements (40).
3 | x | 8 | x | 4 | x | 40 - 40 = 0 |
x | x | x | x | 3 | 0 | 0 |
x | 4 | x | x | x | x | 0 |
x | x | x | 0 | 1 | x | 0 |
0 | 0 | 40 - 40 = 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Reserves | |
1 | 3 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 100 | 80 |
2 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 60 |
3 | 10 | 4 | 18 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
4 | 7 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 60 |
Needs | 10 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 70 | 30 |
Let's count the number of occupied cells of the table, there are 8 of them, but it should be m + n - 1 = 9. Therefore, the support plan is degenerate. We are building new plan. Sometimes you have to build several reference plans before finding a non-degenerate one.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Reserves | |
1 | 3 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 100 | 80 |
2 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 60 |
3 | 10 | 4 | 18 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
4 | 7 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 60 |
Needs | 10 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 70 | 30 |
As a result, the first support plan is obtained, which is valid, since the number of occupied cells of the table is 9 and corresponds to the formula m + n - 1 = 6 + 4 - 1 = 9, i.e. the reference plan is non-degenerate.
Third stage consists in improving the found reference plan. Here they use the potential method or distribution method. At this stage, the correctness of the solution can be monitored through the cost function F(x) . If it decreases (subject to minimizing costs), then the solution is correct.
Example No. 2. Using the minimum tariff method, present an initial plan for solving a transportation problem. Check for optimality using the potential method.
30 | 50 | 70 | 10 | 30 | 10 | |
40 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
80 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 6 |
60 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 7 |
20 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
Example No. 3. Four confectionery factories can produce three types of confectionery products. Costs for the production of one hundredweight (quintal) of confectionery products by each factory, production capacity factories (centners per month) and daily needs for confectionery products (centners per month) are indicated in the table. Draw up a confectionery production plan that minimizes total production costs.
Note. Here, you can first transpose the cost table, since for the classical formulation of the transport problem, capacities (production) come first, and then consumers.
Example No. 4. For the construction of facilities, bricks are supplied from three (I, II, III) factories. Factories have 50, 100 and 50 thousand units in warehouses, respectively. bricks Objects require 50, 70, 40 and 40 thousand pieces, respectively. bricks Tariffs (den. units/thousand units) are shown in the table. Create a transportation plan that minimizes total transportation costs.
will be closed if:A) a=40, b=45
B) a=45, b=40
B) a=11, b=12
Condition of the closed transport problem: ∑a = ∑b
We find, ∑a = 35+20+b = 55+b; ∑b = 60+a
We get: 55+b = 60+a
Equality will be observed only when a=40, b=45
Biosphere reserves
Biosphere reserves are environmental, research institutions international importance, which are created with the aim of preserving the most typical natural complexes biosphere, implementation of background environmental monitoring, environmental studies natural environment, its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
On practice, biosphere reserves are created on the basis of natural reserves, national natural parks, with the inclusion of territories and objects of natural reserve fund of other categories and other lands, and belong to the global network of biosphere reserves.
World Network of Biosphere Reserves(English: World Network of Biosphere Reserves) was created within the framework of the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program and combines specially protected natural areas designed to demonstrate the balanced interaction of nature and man, concept sustainable development environment . The international network is a kind of engine for the exchange of knowledge and experience, for educational and research programs, for monitoring and for making joint decisions.
The program was created in 1971, and already in 1974 the first biosphere reserve was created in the United States. In 1983 the first international congress on Biosphere Reserves, which established an action plan for research and monitoring, as well as interaction with local communities.
B 1995 international Conference opened in Seville (Spain) new era for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Actions identified at this meeting were included in Seville strategy And Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, approved General Conference UNESCO in 1995. In 2000, a meeting was held in Pamplona (Spain). "Seville+5", where various actions were identified in accordance with the strategic recommendations formulated in Seville.
Madrid Action Plan was agreed upon on the third World Congress on Biosphere Reserves, which took place in Madrid in February 2008. It is based on the Seville Strategy and aims to realize the strategic benefits of the Seville Documents and enhance the role of biosphere reserves as key recognized international community territories of sustainable development in the 21st century.
As of 2010, there were 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries around the world, including a number of international, or transnational, reserves. In some sources, biosphere reserves are called biosphere reserves.
In Ukraine there are 4: Askania Nova (reserve), Danube Delta (Danube Biosphere Reserve, and since 1998 transboundary), Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Uzhgorod region), Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Kherson and Nikolaev region, the largest in Ukraine - more than 100 thousand hectares).
Biosphere reserves are approved by the International coordination council program “Man and the Biosphere” at the request of the relevant state.
Regional networks play a significant role in the work of the Man and the Biosphere program. There are five regional networks. They do not have strict boundaries and a number of states participate in the work of several networks, for example, in the program database, the biosphere reserves of Algeria are included in the regional league network Arab states, and to the African regional network. Biosphere reserves are distributed across regional networks as follows:
The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest and oldest of the regional networks. It includes 50 European countries, Canada and the USA and represents 262 biosphere reserves. Meetings of representatives of the European network have been held almost every two years since 1986. (The last conference, EuroMAB-2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009).
Definition, criteria, objectives, zoning. The very idea of creating biosphere reserves is associated with the solution of one of the most important modern world questions: how to match saving biological diversity And natural resources planet with their use for further socio-economic development of regions. Those. to the principles of sustainable development.
According to the Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, they are zones of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems (or combinations thereof) that have:
A wide range of ecosystems representing large biogeographic regions;
Areas sufficient to preserve biodiversity;
Conditions for studying and demonstrating approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale;
Dimensions sufficient to carry out three main tasks: security(conservation of genetic resources, biological species and ecosystems), development(promoting sustainable economic and social development) And logistics(supporting and encouraging research, education, training and monitoring activities at local, national and global levels).
To achieve its objectives, the biosphere reserve must include three functional zones, each of which may consist of one or more sections, united according to the principle of fulfilling a specific role.
First zone – core, i.e. territories not affected by human economic activity and representing big interest from the point of view of preserving bio- and landscape diversity and conducting some species scientific research in a natural laboratory.
The core, or main area, is the least disturbed ecosystem. It enjoys long-term protection and allows for the conservation of biodiversity. Research and other non-disruptive activities, such as educational activities, are carried out in the core. A biosphere reserve may have one or more core areas.
Located around or near the core buffer zone, which is designed to protect the main area from exposure economic activity on surrounding area. Environmentally friendly activities are allowed in the buffer zone: fundamental and applied research, experimental and reproduction work, environmental education and ecotourism.
The buffer zone is located around or adjacent to the cores. It is used to carry out environmentally safe activities, for example, ecotourism, as well as applied and basic research. The buffer zone must be clearly defined.
Surrounding the buffer zone (or located in close proximity to it) is the so-called transition zone, or cooperation zone - an unprotected territory where settlements can be located, limited agricultural, forestry and craft activities, as well as other types of traditional land use, are possible.
The transition zone, or cooperation zone, allows for the deployment of settlements and some agricultural activities. In a cooperation zone, local administrations and other organizations work together for the rational management and sustainable reproduction of resources.
In practice, such a territory structure does not exist everywhere. In some countries of the world, only protected areas (core and buffer zone) are included in the network of biosphere reserves. Such “truncated” reserves also have every right to be included in the biosphere network, since one of the important advantages of the concept of biosphere reserves is its flexibility, allowing a creative approach to its implementation in a variety of conditions.
That is, summing up, the criteria The requirements for a biosphere reserve are:
1. Representation of the diversity of ecosystem types characteristic of the biogeographical region (regions), including anthropogenically transformed ones.
2. The importance of preserving biodiversity.
3. Possibility of research and demonstration of sustainable development on a regional scale.
4. The presence of three functions of a biosphere reserve (protection, development and logistics, see above).
5. Zoning: (A) natural core (reserve zone), (B) buffer zone, (C) transit zone.
Back in 1883, V.V. Dokuchaev, in his famous book “Russian Chernozem,” pointed out that objective knowledge of the characteristics of soils and the patterns of their development is possible only in areas completely excluded from economic use, and noted the need to create such protected, reference areas.
The preservation of natural landscapes and ecosystems in their original form as reference areas of the biosphere can only be ensured by the creation of nature reserves.
Nature reserves as the highest form of nature conservation have been formed in our country. Unlike national parks that are widespread abroad, the territories of nature reserves are completely withdrawn from the sphere of economic activity and are used mainly for scientific research. Mass visits to nature reserves by tourists are not permitted. Only organized excursions for educational purposes are possible here. National parks serve mainly the purposes of tourism, combined to some extent with nature conservation.
In recent years, the international network of special protected areas - biosphere reserves (in our country) and biosphere reserves (abroad) - has been increasingly developed.
Biosphere reserves and reserves are created within the framework of the permanent UNESCO International Program “Man and the Biosphere”.
The creation of an international network of biosphere reserves is a priority task of one of the MAB projects - the project “Conservation of Natural Areas and the Genetic Material They Contain”. The organization of biosphere reserves on the territory of any country does not in any way affect its sovereignty. Proposed sites are indicated by the countries themselves for discussion by the MAB Bureau and final approval by UNESCO.
Biosphere reserves (reserves) are organized in territories whose nature includes landscapes and ecosystems typical for a given region of the Earth. With the creation of an international geographical network of nature reserves and reserves, an increasing number of ecosystems and biogeographical areas of the world are gradually being covered. By mid-1981, 193 sites in 50 countries had been declared biosphere reserves or reserves.
The main objectives of biosphere reserves (reserves) are as follows:
1. Preservation of typical ecosystems, genetic fund of plants and animals, characteristic communities (cenofund). (Of course, some unique ecosystems are preserved in biosphere reserves, but the preservation of typical ecosystems and the gene pool is the main task of biosphere reserves.)
2. Conducting long-term comprehensive environmental studies of ecosystems and their components. (The study of the structure, functioning and dynamics of ecosystems is organized.)
3. Implementation of environmental monitoring, the main task of which is to monitor the state and changes of ecosystems and the natural environment as a whole. The objects of monitoring are plants, animals, soil, water, air. Particular attention is paid to determining the so-called background pollution of the natural environment. Biosphere reserves are organized in such a way that there are no sources of pollution nearby, and therefore the general background of pollution created in different regions of the planet is captured in protected ecosystems.
4. Carrying out activities related to the training of ecologists and the implementation of environmental education.
Within the framework of environmental monitoring, the system of biosphere reserves with adjacent territories is considered as the most important source of information about the state and dynamics of the biosphere.
The territorial structure of an international biosphere reserve (sanctuary) differs from the structure of ordinary reserves. The biosphere reserve provides for the organization of three to four zones.
The main zone - the "core" zone - is completely excluded from any economic activity. Only scientific research observations are possible here without disturbing the natural ecosystem. Visiting this area by unauthorized persons is prohibited. The “core” zone of the international biosphere reserve in its meaning and regime corresponds to our state reserve:
It is this zone that performs the main functions of a biosphere reserve for the protection of ecosystems and the gene pool of fauna and flora.
When organizing biosphere reserves on the basis of existing state reserves, the entire original territory of the reserve, forever withdrawn from economic activity, becomes a “core” and then, due to the inclusion of neighboring territories, “overgrows” with other zones characteristic of a biosphere reserve-reserve.
The second zone of the biosphere reserve (reserve) is called the buffer zone. It protects the “core” from direct anthropogenic impacts. The buffer zone has the regime of our domestic reserves. Experimental research is carried out there, and limited economic activity is possible, consistent with the objectives of the biosphere reserve. Here it is also possible to expand work on environmental education, development of scientific tourism, excursions. This zone is similar to the protective zone of our state reserves. Thus, if we keep in mind these two main zones of international biosphere reserves, it is clear that they are identical to our protected territories: the territory of the state reserve and its protective zone.
International biosphere reserves (reserves) include two more (sometimes one) zones of a new type: a zone for the restoration of natural ecosystems and a zone for the typical day of a given area’s economic use of these ecosystems. Here scientists study the anthropogenic impact on nature, conduct experiments on restoration and enrichment natural ecosystems. Practical recommendations are also developed and tested here. The mode of economic activity in these zones is consistent with the general program of work of the biosphere reserve. In fact, each biosphere reserve is an extensive scientific testing ground suitable for conducting various environmental studies necessary to solve the problems of protecting the biosphere under conditions of anthropogenic transformation. Research in domestic biosphere reserves is carried out not only by the staff of the reserve. Scientists from other institutes and higher educational institutions are widely involved.
Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhin- one of oldest reserves Russia, was organized in 1935, in the Kursk and Belgorod regions on the Central Russian Upland, in the forest-steppe zone. He was awarded the Diploma of the Council of Europe, which is awarded to 4 nature reserves in Russia.
At the end of the 16th century, rich black soils were granted to the Kursk archers and Cossacks for faithful guard service. And they remained in the possession of their descendants when the city had already lost its military significance, traditionally being used only for grazing and haymaking. At the beginning of this century, a biology student at Moscow University, later a famous geobotanist, Professor V.V. Alekhin, once went to the local bazaar. I accidentally looked at a horse chewing hay and suddenly froze: not an armful of hay - a rich herbarium. I learned from the driver that the herbs had been stored on the outskirts of Kursk, in the Streletsky steppes. Since then, the scientist’s fate has been inextricably linked with these steppes. Perhaps only here are the famous Russian black soils presented in their natural form. The green world is extremely diverse: over 90 plant species per square meter - the highest figure. Alekhine considered this phenomenon as a kind of “Kursk botanical anomaly.” He actively advocated for the creation of a reserve. In 1935, several small virgin lands were transferred to the disposal of scientists. IN Lately There are 6 sections of the reserve: 1. Floodplain of the Psel River, 2. Zorinsky swamps, 3. Streletskaya steppe, 4. Cossack steppe, 5. Bukreev barmy, 6. Barkalovka. The territory of the reserve occupies 5284 hectares, which is 0.2% of the entire territory Kursk region.
The main protected landscapes are virgin meadow steppes (which have become almost unique) and island broad-leaved forests, mainly oak forests. The soils are of particular interest - thick virgin chernozems with a humus horizon up to 90 cm thick. The reserve contains 876 species of higher plants, 205 species of terrestrial vertebrates, including 40 species of mammals and 150 species of birds. In addition to the typical forest inhabitants, there are also steppe inhabitants: speckled ground squirrel, mole rat, great jerboa, bustard. Despite the fact that the reserve is so small, it protects about 60% of the Kursk flora. The list of higher vascular plants of the reserve includes 873 species. Among them are 12 species of the “Red Book”: vernal adonis, Kozo-Polyansky breaker, Alaunsky cotoneaster, Tatarian katran, Julia's wolfberry, Russian hazel grouse, etc. The reserve operates in conjunction with the Kursk Experimental Station of the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The steppe constantly changes color during the warm season due to beautifully flowering plants from the families Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Cruciferous, Carnation, Umbelliferae, and Ranunculaceae. Steppe grasses bloom from April to September (clovers and cornflowers bloom again in the fall), but most plants bloom in June. Alekhin wrote about this: “The picture is especially colorful on a sunny June day early in the morning: numerous plants have opened their flowers, facing and looking directly at the sun. An hour or two will pass - the corollas of many flowers will close, and by midday the colorful carpet of plants will fade significantly.”
The appearance of the steppe is beautiful and changeable. In hayfields, up to fifteen colorful aspects change during the growing season. The steppe can be figuratively called a flower flame. We love our steppe for its marvelous beauty, unique aroma, boundless expanse. The grass cover of the reserve is continuous, very dense and diverse in the number of plant species. There are about 90 species in every square meter. Protecting the territory is the reserve's primary task. Access to its territory by unauthorized persons is prohibited, and the collection of medicinal and ornamental plants, mushrooms and berries is prohibited. Herbarium collection is limited. The main task of the reserve's scientific research work is monitoring, tracking and forecasting the dynamics of the main ecosystems of the reserve. Years go by. Modest data is gradually building up into an indicative series. The long-term dynamics of the observed parameters clearly agrees with the weather station data. Take a closer look at it, because this is the pulse of protected nature. Humble, difficult work. But only in this way will we be able to understand its living language, learn the secret of the sustainability of communities, timely record deviations from the norm, and ensure proper protection of flora, vegetation and wildlife.
Nature has generously rewarded our region with gifts. Blue ribbons of rivers plow the expanses of our region. Thousands of springs come to the surface of the earth. The most fertile soils in the world - chernozems - occupy more than half the area of our region. Living and inanimate nature is subject to protection.
In 1996, work continued to stabilize and improve environmental situation in the region by strengthening control over compliance with environmental legislation and rational use of natural resources, improving and intensifying environmental education. Inspection departments, the specialized inspection of state environmental control and analysis and district ecology committees carried out more than 2,326 inspections of industrial, agricultural and other enterprises and institutions in the region; for violations of environmental legislation they were brought to administrative liability in the form of a fine: 231 executive in the amount of 70,945,750 rubles, citizens in the amount of 3,0138,200 rubles. and 39 enterprises in the amount of 226,347,982 rubles. The environmental fund received 57,312,182 rubles.
Compliance with air protection legislation was checked at 388 industrial and 396 motor transport enterprises. At industrial enterprises, 23,893 sources of emission of pollutants into the atmospheric air were examined, more than 8 thousand of them were equipped, and the activities of 70 control and regulatory points were checked. At motor transport enterprises, instrumental measurements of exhaust gases from 814 vehicles were carried out. 74 vehicles were identified that were operating in excess of the standards for emissions of pollutants in exhaust gases. Their owners were issued orders to temporarily stop using the vehicles. As a result of the work carried out, at most of the controlled enterprises it was possible to achieve the implementation of the planned air protection measures, which made it possible to reduce the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by more than 700 tons.
In 1996, the operation “ Fresh air", during which 3,378 vehicles were checked at motor transport enterprises, and 369 transport units were identified with excess emissions of pollutants in exhaust gases. Exhaust gases from 23,904 vehicles were measured in squares and highways. As an analysis of the results of Operation Clean Air has shown, over the past 3 years the number of vehicles exceeding established emission standards has stabilized and is 14.3% on average in the region.
At Mikhailovsky GOK, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere were reduced by 398 tons per year as a result of a number of measures, including:
Construction of a shut-off dam to raise the water level and alternate the operation of slurry outlets, which made it possible to reduce the area of dusty beaches of the tailings dump:
Biologically fixing the dusty surfaces of the tailings dump on an area of 40 hectares;
Stopping wells to place an explosive charge with inert materials;
Reconstruction of aspiration systems at DSF-III and crushing plant, etc.
In Kursk, two new bag filters were put into operation in the raw rubber formulation department of JSC Kurskrezinotekhnika; The dust and gas collection system at the tobacco factory was reconstructed with the introduction of an additional cleaning stage (the amount of dust emissions from the cutting machines of the tobacco workshop decreased by 15 times); The operation of workshop M 2 of the Kursk building materials plant on the street was stopped. Khutorskoy, work has begun on dismantling the workshop equipment and transferring it to workshop M 1 on the street. K. Marx; The Kursk station car depot was connected to the networks of the APZ-20 boiler house, etc.
A lot of work has been done to combat erosion in the region. But there is a lot to be done. To mitigate soil erosion, by the year 2000 it is planned to introduce a soil protection farming system throughout the entire eroded area, build water-retaining shafts, ponds, and water-directing structures. It is planned to reclaim 400 hectares of land annually, gradually reduce the use of pesticides and increase the use of biological plant protection products.
The region experiences an acute shortage of water resources, especially drinking water. The provision of water resources in our region per person is 14 times less than in Russia as a whole.
Groundwater is poorly protected from pollution. A significant part drinking water consumed by enterprises and discharged untreated or untreated wastewater. Polluted industrial and domestic waters, wastewater from livestock complexes and farms, fuels and lubricants from cars and tractors, mineral fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural land continue to flow into rivers and reservoirs. Therefore, the content of ammonium salts, iron, copper, petroleum products, and nitrites has increased in rivers.
In recent years, activities on the protection and rational use of water resources have intensified in the region. Some work is being done to preserve small rivers, and summer camps and pens for animals outside the coastal strip and water protection zones, storage facilities for mineral fertilizers, manure and pesticides are being built, old wastewater treatment plants are being reconstructed and new ones are being built.
There are several types of cleaning Wastewater. The mechanical treatment method involves removing insoluble substances from wastewater through settling tanks. With the chemical method, substances are added to wastewater that react with solutions of contaminants and cause them to precipitate in settling tanks. The biological method involves using microorganisms to capture contaminants that do not precipitate.
The most reliable way to protect water resources is recycled water supply. Its level in the region in 1993 increased compared to 1992 by 2459 million cubic meters per year. Currently, work is underway in the region to create circulating water supply systems at many enterprises, including oil factories and sugar factories. This will have a positive impact on the state of water resources.
It is known that a person can live without food for 5 weeks, without water - 5 days, without oxygen in the air he cannot live even 5 minutes. Air pollution caused by emissions poses a great danger industrial enterprises and vehicles. More than 70 types of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere of the region.
The greatest air pollution is observed in Kursk. Zheleznogorsk, Shchigrakh, where more than 60% of all pollution is emitted. The ones that pollute the air the most are Mikhailovsky GOK, JSC Kurskagromash (KZTZ), JSC Kursk Tannery, JSC Akkumulyator plants, and PA Kurskrezinotekhnika.
In our time full of contradictions, it is necessary to care not only about economic revival, but also, first of all, to realize that nature can no longer tolerate a barbaric attitude towards it. Only with the restoration and preservation of wealth and natural diversity it is possible to improve the quality of life.
Today, the Kursk region is still very far from environmental well-being: the process of degradation has not been stopped soil cover; the natural environment is polluted by production and consumption waste, emissions and discharges of harmful substances during the operation of transport and production equipment; the problems of the Mikhailovsky Mining and Processing Plant, the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, and a complex of urban planning problems remain relevant; the wounds inflicted by the accident on the Chernobyl nuclear power plant; Of particular concern is the violation of the geological environment, hydrological and hydrogeological regimes, etc.
At the same time, the problems listed above are not unsolvable. If managers and specialists at all levels have sufficient environmental knowledge and convictions, as well as with sufficient funding, it is possible to develop modern industry and conduct productive agriculture along with reliable environmental protection.
In 1996, the State Committee for Environmental Protection and other environmental authorities continued work aimed at preserving and restoring the ecosystem of our region: drafts of a number of programs were developed, resolutions and orders were adopted government agencies, educational and informational work was actively carried out, control over the use of natural resources and the implementation of environmental measures was tightened. All this allowed for 1996. to reduce the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere of the region by 11,143.4 tons, including at the Mikhailovsky GOK - by 398 tons, the discharge of contaminated wastewater - by more than a million cubic meters.
For the fourth time, Kursk residents became participants in the All-Russian event “Days of Protection from Environmental Hazards” and their work was noted with a letter of gratitude from the Central Organizing Committee. The work of Kursk ecologists is recognized at the international level: the State Committee for Environmental Protection of the Kursk Region was approved as a participant in the international Partnership for Progress Program (with a numbered certificate) and at the end of 1996, among 36 Russian enterprises and organizations, was awarded the international prize "Golden Eagle" "for active participation in solving environmental problems.
K. G. Paustovsky once said: “A lot now depends on you, young people. You are the masters of tomorrow. Learn to love nature, take care of the riches that nourish the body and soul of man... We need ship scaffolding, deep rivers, oceans of healing air, rich gardens and flowering meadows. We need fresh lakes, ringing springs, flocks of birds stretching in the foggy sky above the golden autumn groves, the whistling of birds, the radiance of night constellations in the smokeless sky and wide bright rainbows - harbingers of rich harvests. We need a magnificent land - the only acceptable shelter for man. We will protect and decorate our land!"
Nature reserves are carefully protected areas that have unique or, conversely, fauna and flora typical of a given area, or that differ in some landscape features. Biosphere reserves are territories within which nature is not only protected, but also constantly studied.
The UNESCO organization has united 564 national natural biosphere reserves into a single worldwide network, which also includes Russian biosphere reserves.
Biosphere reserves of the European part of Russia
Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve located in the north of Russia, in the center Kola Peninsula. The main value of the reserve is virgin northern forests, whose trees are from 3 to 5 thousand years old, and wild reindeer. The Lapland Nature Reserve was founded in 1930, and in 1985 UNESCO awarded it biosphere status. The territory area is 2784 square kilometers.
Prioksko-Terrasny State Biosphere Reserve was founded in 1945 to preserve the flora and fauna of the region. The terrace-like steps of the reserve's relief were created 10 thousand years ago by the surf of the Oka River, on the left bank of which it is located about 100 kilometers south of Moscow. Today, the area of the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve is 49 square kilometers.
Oka State Natural Biosphere Reserve was created in 1935 with the aim of preserving the Russian muskrat living in the middle reaches of the Oka River. Its location is Ryazan Oblast Russian Federation, territory area - 557 square kilometers.
Central Forest State nature reserve was founded in 1931, and in 1985, by decision of UNESCO, it was awarded biosphere status. The reserve is located near the sources of three rivers - the Volga, Dvina and Valdai, at the foot of the Valdai Hills in the Tver region. The uniqueness of the reserve lies in its centuries-old spruce forests. The territory area is 244 square kilometers.
Voronezh State Natural Biosphere Reserve occupies the northern half of the two-thousand-year-old Usman forest on the border of the Voronezh and Lipetsk regions. The reserve was founded in 1927 to preserve the beaver population living there. In 1985, it received biosphere status. Today the area of the Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is 310 square kilometers.
Central Black Earth State Nature Reserve was created in 1935 with the goal of preserving virgin areas of the northern steppes in combination with forests, and their comprehensive study. The reserve is located in the Kursk region of the Russian Federation, in the southwestern part of the Central Russian Upland and consists of five sections with a total area of 52 square kilometers.
Astrakhan State Natural Biosphere Reserve. The reserve was organized in April 1919 in the delta of the Volga River (in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain), 80-120 kilometers below the city of Astrakhan. The total area of the reserve is 679 square kilometers.
State Nature Reserve "Black Lands"» is located in the northwest Caspian lowland, in Kalmykia. It was created in 1990, the area is 1219 square kilometers
Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is the largest mountain forest reserve in Europe. It is located on the northern and southern slopes of the western part Greater Caucasus on the territory of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia and Krasnodar region RF. The area of the reserve is 2800 square kilometers; it was founded in 1924, and in 1979 it received biosphere status.
Teberda State Biosphere Reserve was created in Karachay-Cherkessia in 1935. The reserve is high mountain and occupies the upper part of the basin mountain river Teberda, between the Central and North Caucasus. Its territory of 850 square kilometers is home to many glaciers, alpine lakes, rivers and waterfalls.
Biosphere reserves of Russia, the Urals and Siberia
Pechora-Ilychsky State Biosphere Reserve is located in the southeast of the Komi Republic, occupies part of the territory with an area of 7213 square kilometers between the Verkhnyaya Pechora River and its tributary Ilych. The reserve was created in 1930, and in 1996 it was included in the lists World Heritage nature of the UNESCO organization common name « Virgin forests Komi".
Taimyr State Nature Reserve was founded in 1979 and received biosphere status in 1995. The area of its territory is 17,819 square kilometers and the creators of the reserve sought to ensure that it covered the entire diversity of natural landscapes of the northernmost peninsula of the world: from forest-tundra to arctic tundra.
Central Siberian State Nature Reserve was created in 1985 at the junction of the West Siberian Lowland and the Central Siberian Plateau, on the territory Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Yenisei basin. The area of the reserve is 9720 square kilometers.
Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located in Buryatia, on east coast southern part of Baikal. Its borders are the Mishikha and Vydrina rivers, and total area The reserve is equal to 1657 square kilometers. The Baikal Biosphere Reserve was founded in 1969.
Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve was organized back in 1916. It is also located in Buryatia, on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal on the western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge. The area of the Barguzinsky Biosphere Reserve is 3,743 square kilometers.
Daursky State Natural Biosphere Reserve located in Transbaikalia, in the south of the Chita region. It was established in 1987 with the aim of protecting the fauna of the Torey lakes. Today the pride of the reserve is the white-naped crane, listed in the Red Book. The area of the protected area is 457 square kilometers.
Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve located in the central part of Western Sayan, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It was created in 1976, and in 1985 UNESCO awarded it biosphere status. The territory area is 3904 square kilometers.
State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Ubsunur Basin" was created in Tyva in 1993. The territory of the reserve covers an area of 9251 square kilometers, and its main part is located in the Tuva Basin. The main object of observation in the reserve is the rare endangered bird, the white-headed duck.
Far Eastern Biosphere Reserves of Russia
Kronotsky State Biosphere Reserve is located in Kamchatka. Of the 11,420 square kilometers of its territory, 1,350 are occupied by sea waters. On the territory of the reserve there is the famous Valley of Geysers, five volcanoes, the largest mountain lake in Kamchatka, glaciers and coastal beaches. The Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve was founded in 1934.
Sikhote-Alin State Natural Biosphere Reserve includes both slopes of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, its area is 4014 square kilometers. It was created in 1932 to preserve the Far Eastern sable, but today the Amur tiger is actively monitored within the reserve.
Sokhondinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve founded in 1973 in the Chita region to preserve 400 thousand hectares forest areas western slope Kuznetsky Alatau ridge, the so-called “lungs of Kuzbass”. The area of the reserve is 2109 square kilometers.
Abstract on the topic
Biosphere reserves. Their organization and use
Moscow 2010
Introduction
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves was created within the framework of the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program and combines specially protected natural areas designed to demonstrate the balanced interaction of nature and man, the concept of sustainable environmental development. The international network is a kind of engine for the exchange of knowledge and experience, for educational and research programs, for monitoring and for making joint decisions.
There are currently (2010) 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries around the world, including a number of international, or transnational, reserves.
biosphere reserve state natural resource
Definition of biosphere reserves
Back in the 1970s, UN experts proposed a zoning concept for biosphere reserves, which consists of creating three special zones: a core, a buffer zone and a transition zone. The core, or main area, is the least disturbed ecosystem. It enjoys long-term protection and allows for the conservation of biodiversity. Research and other non-disruptive activities, such as educational activities, are carried out in the core. A biosphere reserve may have one or more core areas. The buffer zone is located around or adjacent to the cores. It is used for environmentally friendly activities such as ecotourism, as well as applied and basic research. The buffer zone must be clearly defined. The transition zone, or cooperation zone, allows for human settlements and some agricultural activities. In a cooperation zone, local administrations and other organizations work together for the rational management and sustainable reproduction of resources.
The conservation of biodiversity in the zone with the most stringent environmental protection regime is the main result of zoning. In the buffer zone, there are less stringent restrictions on the use of natural resources, and in the cooperation zone, restrictions apply only to certain forms activities that can cause irreparable damage to natural complexes protected by biosphere reserves. Reserve employees do not have the authority to control land use in transition zone. Negotiations are voluntary, based on mutual recognition of interests. In the event of any discrepancies in the absence of legislative framework protection of biosphere reserves by the state in the cooperation zone is practically impossible. The lack of agreements in the cooperation zone raises the question of the withdrawal of a number of nature reserves, including Russian ones, from the worldwide network.
According to Article 3 of the Regulations, in order to be included in the international network, each biosphere reserve must perform a number of complementary functions: conservation, development and scientific and technical functions.
Biosphere reserves are approved by the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Program at the request of the relevant state.
Objectives of state nature reserves
a) implementation of protection natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;
b) organization and conduct of scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;
c) implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;
d) environmental education;
e) participation in the state environmental assessment of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;
f) assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection
In the territories of state natural reserves, events and activities aimed at:
a) preservation of natural complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in natural complexes and their components as a result of anthropogenic impact;
b) maintaining conditions that ensure sanitary and fire safety;
c) preventing conditions that could cause natural disasters, life threatening people and settlements;
d) implementation of environmental monitoring;
e) carrying out research tasks;
f) conducting environmental education work;
g) implementation of control and supervisory functions.
In some areas of the reserve, in the manner specified in the regulations on specific state reserve, may be allowed:
Organization of subsidiary farms to provide food for reserve employees and their family members;
Grazing of livestock belonging to the reserve and its employees, including retired ones, as well as other citizens permanently residing on its territory;
Providing employees of the reserve, including those who are retired but living on its territory, with service plots (arable land and hayfields);
Procurement of firewood and commercial timber necessary to meet the needs of the reserve and citizens permanently residing on its territory;
Collection of mushrooms, nuts, berries by reserve employees, as well as by citizens permanently residing in the reserve, for personal consumption (without the right to sell);
Amateur fishing by employees of the reserve, as well as by citizens living on its territory, for personal consumption (without the right to sell);
Organization and arrangement of excursion ecological routes;
Accommodation of nature museums of the reserve, including those with open-air exhibitions.
In the territories of state natural reserves, shooting (capturing) animals for scientific and regulatory purposes is permitted only with the permission of the state bodies in charge of the reserves.
The protection of natural complexes and objects on the territory of the state natural reserve is carried out by a special state inspection for the protection of the territory of this reserve.
The organization of nature conservation should be carried out simultaneously with rational environmental management in two directions:
1) minimizing the harmful consequences of production activities;
2) stimulating the normal functioning of the planet’s biosphere.
Important principles rational use natural resources are:
1) study of resources. Competent and careful use of resources is impossible without information about their volume, quality, and without forecasting the consequences of their withdrawal from natural objects and the possibility of replacing them with others;
2) organization of monitoring of the state of natural resources;
3) improvement of technologies for extraction, transportation and processing of resources, providing for their maximum use. Design, construction of new, as well as modernization of existing production facilities in order to reduce the use of natural resources. Use of alternative energy sources;
4) increasing productivity in agriculture in developed areas, strict adherence to standards and purposes when using mineral fertilizers and pesticides;
5) constant search for the latest environmental technologies with mandatory environmental assessment;
6) reducing the generation of production waste - wastewater, emissions into the atmosphere and solid waste. Use of waste as raw material for energy and products;
7) restoration of natural objects after technogenic impact - land reclamation, protection against soil erosion, reforestation and organization of fight against forest fires etc.;
8) preservation of the planet's biological diversity. Organization of protected areas, reserves, national parks. Reducing the catch of commercial and marine invertebrates. Protection and breeding rare species plants and animals;
9) open demonstration of the results of environmental activities. Environmental education population;
10) improving the environmental legislation of countries and creating effective mechanisms for its implementation.
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