Biological resources of land. Biological resources of land and the world ocean, their distribution and rational use

Length 1020 km, basin area 87.9 thousand km2. It originates on the Valdai Hills, and then flows through Lake Okhvat (a series of large reaches connected by channels) and flows into the Gulf of Riga, forming a delta. The river is very winding, the banks are mostly high. Along the banks of the Western Dvina, rivers predominate, alternating with fields. There are shoals, riffles, and rapids in the riverbed. IN downstream the river breaks into branches. The average water flow is 678 m2/s. Within the Smolensk region, the river flows along a slightly undulating, partially swampy plain. The main tributaries are Mezha, Kasplya, Ushacha (left), Drissa, Aiviekste (right).

Western Dvina originates from the small lake Dvina or Dvinets, lying at an altitude of 250 meters above sea level, among the forests of the Tver region, about 15 km from the sources. About 15 km downstream the Dvina flows through Lake Okhvat. The general direction of the flow of the Western Dvina is from east to west in an arcuate direction, to the south - in a curved direction. After leaving Lake Okhvat, the Dvina goes south until the Mezhi River flows into it, then it heads southwest and, after a sharp turn, reaches its southernmost point.

Before flowing into Lake Okhvat, the Western Dvina flows for 16 km in the form of a stream, and at the exit from the lake its width reaches 20 m. Near Vitebsk, the width of the river increases to 100 meters. During the flood, in many places the width of the Dvina reaches 1500 meters. The valleys adjacent to the Western Dvina are flooded with it only in a few places during spring flood. Spring floods occur from mid-April to mid-May, and sometimes cover part of the month of June.

In the Tver and Smolensk regions along the banks of the Western Dvina there are outcrops of layers, mountain limestones overlying sands and sandstones. In the eastern part, the banks of the Western Dvina consist of sediment. Further, it has the character of a meadow, thanks to the low sandy shores. There are limestone boulders. Even lower, the banks rise and take on a forest character. Further, the area becomes more and more sandy and, finally, not reaching 10-13 km from Vitebsk, bedrock (dolomite with layers of blue clay) appears, especially in the riverbed, with superbly preserved fossils.

Somewhat lower, the bedrock layers in the riverbed form bends that create dangerous rapids. The river bed becomes deeper, the coastal layers lie in ledges and are so high above the water that they are beyond its influence. The river bottom, consisting of the same layers, is eroded and forms ledges; Huge granite boulders come across. Between Vitebsk, Polotsk and Disna, sediments with high banks of red clay are again observed. Near Dvinsk, the Western Dvina becomes deeper, white sand is exposed, and then the banks become lower. In connection with the nature and formation of the banks of the Dvina, there are also features of its channel. The Dvina in many places separates branches that go around the islands from Dvinsk to Riga. Such sleeves are formed several times. Above Riga there are sharp turns and rapids.

The tributaries of the Western Dvina are numerous, but not large and special significance by themselves they do not have. Of them longer length only the Mezha River reaches (259 km). The basin area is 9,080 km2, the average water flow at the mouth is 61 m2/sec. It, like the Western Dvina, originates on the Valdai Hills. The other most significant tributary of the Western Dvina, the Veles, also flows from there. The length of this river is 114 km, the basin area is 1420 km2. The remaining tributaries are even shorter and insignificant.

The Western Dvina, despite its short length, is the largest river flowing into. Its current is fast and the water is clean, but there are few fish in the river, due to its shallow water.

About 4 km2 are concentrated in the lake systems of the Western Dvina basin fresh water. The banks of the river are mainly covered mixed forests. The upper reaches of the basin represent forested areas with a predominance of spruce, in the middle reaches birch, alder and aspen are more common. In the Polotsk lowland there are magnificent pine forests.

The river valley was formed relatively recently, about 13-12 thousand years ago, and therefore looks unformed. On the territory of Belarus, the width of the Western Dvina channel varies from 100 to 300 m. Rapids and rifts are often found in this area. In some places, the river valley is narrow, canyon-like, and the depth increases to 50 m. After entering the Baltic Plain, the Western Dvina becomes full-flowing. The width of the river bed reaches 800 m, and the valley expands to 5-6 km.

The Western Dvina is a typical river. The river is fed mainly by melting accumulated over winter period. The Western Dvina is characterized by spring floods. Flood usually occurs over the course of only two months - most often it begins at the end of March, and at the beginning of June a decline in water is already noted. The rest of the year is determined by rainwater. During rainy periods in summer and autumn, minor floods are also possible. In winter, water consumption and level decrease significantly, since the basis of nutrition is made up of. In the spring, the channel of the Western Dvina becomes clogged with ice floes and forms. At the same time, the river level also rises sharply, flooding large areas of the valley.

Geographical encyclopedia

I in Latvia Daugava, a river in Eastern Europe, flows through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia. 1020 km, basin area 87.9 thousand km2. Begins on the Valdai Hills, flows into the Gulf of Riga Baltic Sea, forming a delta... encyclopedic Dictionary

City (since 1937) in the Russian Federation, Tver region, on the river. Zap. Dvina Railroad station. 11.4 thousand inhabitants (1992). Wood processing plant, flax plant...

- (Latvian Daugava), a river in Russia, Belarus and Latvia. Length 1020 km. Its sources are on the Valdai Hills and flows into the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. Main tributaries: Disna, Drissa, Aiviekste, Ogre. Navigable in some areas. On the Western... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (in Latvia Daugava Daugava), a river in the East. Europe. It flows through the territory of the Russian Federation, Belarus, and Latvia. 1020 km, basin area 87.9 thousand km². It starts at Valdai Vozd, flows into the Riga Hall. Baltic Sea, forming a delta... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 3 city (2765) Daugava (2) river (2073) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin... Synonym dictionary

Western Dvina- WESTERN DVINA, a river, originates in the lake. Dvintse, Ostashkov. uez., Tver. lips., on the slopes of Central Russia. elevation, not far from the sources of the Volga and Dnieper and flows into Riga. Bay near the village of Ust-Dvinsk. Length 938 ver. Z. D. enters Berezin. water... Military encyclopedia

Western Dvina- 1) city, district center, Tver region. Originated as a village. at Art. Western Dvina (opened in 1901); name by location on the river Western Dvina. Since 1937 the city. Probably, regardless of the name considered Dun, Dina on average and upper reaches rivers... ... Toponymic dictionary

1. WESTERN DVINA (in Latvia Daugava, Daugava), a river in Eastern Europe, flows through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia. 1020 km, pl. basin 87.9 thousand km2. It begins on the Valdai Hills, flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea, ... ... Russian history

I Western Dvina River in the RSFSR, BSSR and Latvian SSR (within the latter it is called the Daugava). Length 1020 km, basin area 87,900 km2. Originates on the Valdai Hills, west of the sources Volga, flows into the Gulf of Riga... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

Books

• On the path of the Typhoon, Kalmykov A.. Autumn of the forty-first year best time for a hit-and-miss. Kyiv has already fallen, enemy tank hordes are rushing towards Moscow. But you don’t have to choose, and an alien from the future will not sit out in the rear,...
• Toropets and its surroundings, A. Galashevich. 1972 edition. The condition is satisfactory. This book includes the best monuments of a small area of ​​the region - the Toropetsky and Andreapolsky districts. After reading the book, you will certainly...

The source of the Western Dvina River is located on the Valdai Hills in the Penovsky district of the Tver region at an altitude of 215 m, 2.1 km northwest of the village of Shcheverevo in the Penovsky district of the Tver region. The Anuchinsky stream flows from the southern part of the Koryakinsky swamp, which is the source of the Western Dvina.

After about five hundred meters it merges with the Koryakinsky stream, and after six hundred it flows into a small picturesque Forest Lake Koryakino (Dvinets), with an island in the middle. The Dvinets stream flows from its southeastern part. If you go downstream, then after four kilometers it will lead to the northern end of Lake Coverage (Aphoto). Having passed almost 10 kilometers through Okhvat, having absorbed the waters of the Netysma and Volkota rivers, the Western Dvina flows out of the lake already wide (10 - 15 meters).

In 2001, Penovo enthusiasts installed a log three-slope arch pavilion as a symbol of the fact that the Western Dvina carries its waters across the territory three states- Russia, Belarus and Latvia. This is evidenced by three steps that lead along a wooden bridge, bordered by railings, to the pavilion.

Western Dvina (Belarus. Western Dzvina, in Latvia - Daugava, Latvian. Daugava, Latvian. Daugova, Liv. Vēna) - a river in the north of Eastern Europe, flowing through the territory of Russia, Belarus and Latvia. Connected by the inactive Berezinskaya water system with the Dnieper River. Ancient names - Eridanus, Rudon, Bubo, Rubon, Sudon, Khesin.

The Western Dvina flows through Lake Okhvat, then flows first to the southwest, but after Vitebsk it turns to the northwest. The Western Dvina flows into the Gulf of Riga (Riga) of the Baltic Sea, forming an erosive delta near the former island of Mangalsala, which today is a peninsula, since the mouth of the second branch was filled in in 1567.

The length of the Western Dvina River is 1020 km: 325 km falls on Russian Federation, 328 - to Belarus and 367 - to Latvia. Basin 87,900 km², water flow 678 m³/s (at the mouth). The total fall of the river on the territory of Belarus is 38 m, the density of the river network is 0.45 km/km², and the lake content is 3%.

The river valley is trapezoidal in shape, deeply incised or featureless in places. The width of the valley in the upper reaches is up to 0.9 km, on average 1-1.5 km, in the lower reaches 5-6 km. The floodplain is predominantly two-sided. The channel is moderately winding, weakly branched, with rapids in places. Above Vitebsk, Devonian dolomites reach the surface and form rapids 12 km long.

The width of the Western Dvina River behind the lake Coverage is 15-20 meters, the banks are wooded, moderately steep sandy loam with boulders, low on the coastal plain. The bed is rocky, with individual rifts and small rapids.

On the Andreapol - Western Dvina section, the width of the river increases to 50 meters, and beyond the city of Western Dvina, having overcome another rapids section, the river receives large tributaries - Veles, Toropa and Mezha, after which it expands to 100 meters.

Behind the mouth of the Mezha there is a large trap intended for collecting timber rafted along the Mezha. Below the ferry the river flows into high banks, covered mixed forest. The forest disappears in front of the city of Velizh. Beyond Velizh the river is navigable.

Between the Latgale and Augšzeme uplands, the Daugava flows through an ancient valley. Here the width of the Daugava reaches 200 meters. On the section from Kraslava to Daugavpils there is natural Park Daugavas loki (Bends of the Daugava). Passing Daugavpils, the Daugava reaches the East Latvian Lowland. Here the flow of the river slows down and the banks become low, because of this, during spring floods, ice jams often form in this area and water floods large areas.

From Jekabpils to Pļavinas the Daugava flows along steep banks with steep cliffs made of gray dolomite. The river valley from Pļaviņas to Ķegums was especially interesting and beautiful. There were many rapids and shallows in the riverbed. The shores were decorated with beautiful rocks Olinkalns, Avotinu-Kalns, Staburags. After the construction of the Plavinas hydroelectric power station, the water level increased by 40 m and the entire section of the ancient valley was flooded with the waters of the Plavinas reservoir.

From Jaunelgava to Ķegums the reservoir of the Ķegums hydroelectric power station extends, and at Salaspils the road to the river is blocked by the dam of the Riga hydroelectric power station.

Below Dole Island the river flows through the Primorskaya Lowland. Here its valley is formed by loose sediments Quaternary period. The river banks in this area are low, and the valley is filled with river sediments. Alluvial sand islands appear in the Riga area - Zakusala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsala, Kipsala, etc.

The width of the river at the Riga bridges is about 700 m, and in the Milgravis area it reaches 1.5 km. The depth of the river here is approximately 8-9 m. The average annual water flow is 678 m³/s. The concentration of a number of pollutants exceeds 10 MAC.

Observations on hydrological regime on the territory of Belarus have been systematically conducted since 1878 (16 posts). In 1983, the hydrological posts Surazh, Vitebsk, Ulla, Polotsk, and Verkhnedvinsk were in operation.

High water, low water. In 2015, on June 30 in Daugavpils (since 1876) and Jekabpils (since 1906) the highest low level rivers for the entire period of observation in these cities.

At the mouth of the Western Dvina you can find “tears of Heliad” - amber.

Throughout history, the Western Dvina River had about 14 names: Dina, Vina, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Dune, Eridan, Western Dvina and others. Thus, in the 15th century, Gilbert de Lannoa notes that the Semigallian tribes called the Dvina Samegalzara (Semigals-Ara, that is, Semigallian water). In ancient times, the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along it.

The name “Dvina” was first mentioned by the monk-chronicler Nestor. At the beginning of his chronicle, he writes: “The Dnieper flowed from the Volkovsky forest and flowed at noon, and the Dvina from the same forest flowed at midnight and entered the Varangian Sea.”

According to V. A. Zhuchkevich, the hydronym Dvina is of Finnish origin with the semantic meaning “quiet, calm.”

The name “Daugava” was apparently formed from two ancient Baltic words, daug - “many, abundantly” and ava - “water”.
According to legend, Perkons ordered birds and animals to dig a river.

The settlement of the Western Dvina basin began in the Mesolithic era.

Basic largest tributaries The following rivers flow into the Western Dvina: Volkota, Netyema, Velesa, Mezha, Kasplya, Ulla, Ushacha, Disna, Lautsesa, Ilukste, Kekavinya, Toropa, Luchosa, Obol, Polota, Drissa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Perse and Ogre.

Left tributaries of the Western Dvina (Daugava): Goryanka, Netsema, Fedyaevka, Velesa, Medveditsa, Fominka, Usoditsa, Mezha, Kasplya, Vitba, Krivinka, Ulla, Turovlyanka, Ushacha, Nacha, Disna, Volta, Meritsa, Druika, Lautse, Ilukste, Eglaine, Sala, Lautses,

Right tributaries of the Western Dvina (Daugava): Krivitsa, Volkota, Zhaberka, Gorodnya, Grustenka, Lososna, Okcha, Svetly, Toropa, Zhizhitsa, Dvinka, Stodolskaya, Oleska, Usvyacha, Luzhesyanka, Obol, Sosnitsa, Polota, Drissa, Uzhitsa, Saryanka, Rosica, Indrica, Liksna, Dubna, Nereta, Aiviekste, Perse, Brasla, Ogre.

The following cities are located on the banks of the Western Dvina River: Andreapol, Western Dvina, Velizh, Vitebsk, Beshenkovichi, Polotsk, Novopolotsk, Disna, Verkhnedvinsk, Druya, Kraslava, Daugavpils, Livany, Jekabpils, Plavinas, Aizkraukle, Jaunelgava, Lielvarde, Kegums, Ogre, Ikskile, Salaspils and Riga.

Hydroelectric power station.
Thanks to the Western Dvina hydroelectric station, built under Soviet rule, it is the only large own source of energy for Latvia, giving the country up to 3 billion kWh per year.
The following hydroelectric power stations were built on the Western Dvina River:
- Plavinska HPP
- Riga HPP
- Kegums hydroelectric power station (built before Soviet rule - in 1939)
- The Polotsk and Vitebsk hydroelectric power stations are being built, agreements have been concluded on the construction of the Verkhnedvinskaya and Beshenkovichi hydroelectric power stations (all on the territory of Belarus). - - The construction of the Daugavpils hydroelectric power station was started, but suspended. The Jekabpils hydroelectric power station was designed. The river's unused potential exceeds 1 billion kWh per year.

Coordinates: 56°52′11″N 32°32′3″E

The Northern Dvina River is the most important water artery of the Russian North. Where does it originate, where does it flow and into which sea does it flow? You will find answers to all these questions in this information article.

General Northern Dvina

With a length of 744 kilometers, the river collects its waters from huge area, which is 357 thousand square kilometers. Administratively, these are Arkhangelsk and Russia. And if we take into account the Sukhona and Vychegda rivers, then the length of this water artery will reach 1800 kilometers!

The Northern Dvina River takes on its way a large number of other rivers, streams and watercourses. Hydrographers counted only about a hundred second-order tributaries of this river system. That is, these are the watercourses that flow directly into the Northern Dvina. Among them the most large tributaries are: Vaga, Vychegda, Pinega and Yumizh.

There are seven Russian cities on the banks of the Northern Dvina. These are (in the direction from source to mouth): Veliky Ustyug, Krasavino, Kotlas, Solvychegodsk, Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk.

Features of the water regime

The Northern Dvina River is distinguished by its traditional northern rivers water regime. It is fed mainly by melted snow, the maximum water flow is observed in May and June (up to 15,000 m 3 /s).

The river begins to become covered with ice at the end of October, and opens up around mid-April. Thus, the Northern Dvina remains “in ice” for almost half of the year. It is worth noting that the period of ice drift on the river is usually very active. Congestion occurs quite often.

Etymology of the toponym

Why was the Northern Dvina named this way? Researchers and historians have several interpretations on this matter, but they all boil down to approximately the same thing. They decipher this hydrotoponym as “double river”. Several authors give this interpretation in their books. The fact is that the Northern Dvina River was formed as a result of the merger of two other water arteries, so such an etymology is quite logical and justified.

It is worth noting that some researchers (in particular A. Matveev) saw Baltic roots in the origin of this name. So, Matveev believes that it comes from the Lithuanian word “dvynai”, which means “double”.

Interestingly, the Northern Dvina is depicted in many literary works and poetry. So, for example, fictional city in one of Kira Bulychev’s novels it is located on the fictional river Gus, which carries its waters precisely to the Northern Dvina.

Long way to the sea...

Where is the Northern Dvina River located? The answer is not difficult if you look at the detailed geographical map. It clearly shows that the source of the Northern Dvina River is located where the South and Sukhona merge. This happens in the oldest Russian one, founded back in the 12th century.

Further, the Northern Dvina carries its waters strictly north and, soon, receives it. This happens near the town of Kotlas. It is worth noting an interesting fact: at the time of the merger, Vychegda is more full-flowing river than the Northern Dvina.

Then our water artery continues its path to the sea, gradually changing its northwest direction to the north. Having traveled a sufficiently long distance, the Northern Dvina receives the waters of another large river- Pinega. Downstream, a huge delta of our river is already beginning to form.

He's also curious historical fact that the source of the Northern Dvina River is described in detail in the so-called Ustyug chronicle. It says that “the rivers Sukhona and Yug, which merged together, produced a third river...”.

Northern Dvina

In hydrology, the mouth is the place where a river flows into the Ocean, sea, lake or other body of water. In this case, the Northern Dvina flows into the White Sea, or, more precisely, into the Dvina Bay. At the same time, the mouth has the appearance of a huge delta, the area of ​​which can be compared with the area of ​​the city of Volgograd. It is approximately 900 square kilometers.

The Northern Dvina Delta is a whole system of small channels, branches, straits and islands. In this case, the width river valley increases to 18 kilometers.

This large bay White Sea, in its southeastern part. Depths are within 120 meters (average values ​​are about twenty meters). More than a dozen rivers flow into Dvina Bay, including the Northern Dvina. It is worth noting that this is the most warm place Total north sea. The water in Dvina Bay warms up to +10...+12 degrees in summer.

Navigation on the Northern Dvina

Navigation is possible along the entire length of this river. True, it is very difficult in the area of ​​​​the city of Arkhangelsk. Thus, large ships cannot go far into the estuary. As a rule, they are served in the port of Economy. What is noteworthy is that plans to optimize shipping in the delta Northern Dvina were developed back in the 19th century, but they were never really implemented. The situation at the mouth is further complicated by the fact that during “high water” the river carries great amount sand and debris, which only complicates the passage of ships.

It is also worth mentioning that the steamship "N.V. Gogol" still plies the river - the oldest of those still in operation in the country. It was built back in 1911.

So you have learned about the features and location of an important water artery of the Russian North - the Northern Dvina River.

In the north of Eastern Europe, in the Tver and Smolensk regions of Russia, as well as in Belarus and Latvia.

The name comes from ancient Balt.

The first mention of the Western Dvina is found in the chronicle of a monk. In ancient times, the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed along this river.

The Western Dvina originates on the Valdai Hills and flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea called Daugava. The length of the river is 1020 km (of which 325 km, or 31.8%, is in Russia), the basin area is 84.4 thousand km 2 (42.2%). In terms of basin area, the Western Dvina ranks 2nd among the rivers of the Smolensk (after the Dnieper) and Tver (after the Volga) regions and 24th in Russia.

The relief of the Western Dvina basin is characterized by an alternation of relatively large hills and lowlands. The river basin is located in an area of ​​excess moisture. The annual precipitation is 550−750 mm. On western slopes ridges and hills, the amount of precipitation increases to 800−900 mm. Pine and spruce-broad-leaved forests, young birch and aspen forests are widespread. main feature landscapes of the catchment area - a dense river network (up to 0.45 km/km 2), an abundance of lakes and swamps.

The main tributaries: Usvyacha, Toropa, Obol, Drissa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Perse, Ogre (right), Veles, Mezha, Kasplya, Luchesa, Ulla, Disna (left). The lakes are mostly small and of glacial origin.

In its upper reaches, the Western Dvina is a small watercourse with a general direction to the south and then to the north. This is a lacustrine river crossing flowing lakes. Dvinets and Okhvat-Zhadanie. Below the lakes, the river bed widens to 15 m, flows in a relatively deep valley with steep banks on a section of the river 150 km long from the source. water, underground - 36%, rainwater - 18%. According to its water regime, the river belongs to the Eastern European type, which is characterized by high spring floods, low summer low water with frequent rain floods and stable winter low water. The spring flood period accounts for 56% of the annual runoff, and the summer-spring and winter low water periods account for 33 and 11%, respectively. In some years, there are floods caused by thaws. The Western Dvina freezes in the first ten days of December. Freeze-up lasts from December to March. The maximum ice thickness (50–80 cm) forms in February–March. The river opens up in the first ten days of April. Spring ice drift lasts for several days. average temperature

water in June–August is 18.7–19.2°C.

The waters of the Western Dvina are used for water supply and wastewater disposal. Below Velizh the river is navigable in some sections. Upstream the river bed is used for rafting. The river is inhabited by pike perch, perch, roach, bream, golden carp, bleak, silver bream, and pike. On the banks of the Western Dvina there are Russian cities

Andreapol, Western Dvina, Velizh.