Biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov. Scientific activities, family, interesting facts

Career and finance - 04/10/2019

We can talk for a long time about Evgeny Chazov’s outstanding services in medical science and healthcare organization. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and state prizes, one of the best ministers of health of the USSR, creator of thrombolytic therapy, organizer of the cardiological service in the country, general director of the cardiological research and production complex... Academician Chazov never parted with a phonendoscope, and each of his working days begins with visiting the clinic and examining patients. He doesn’t like to talk about himself and give interviews, but for MG, with which much of his life is connected, he made an exception.

- Evgeniy Ivanovich, quite recently you, together with M. DeBakey, were the first doctors to receive highest award RAS - big gold medal named after. M.V. Lomonosov. What do you consider your main scientific achievement?

All my research in the field of cardiology over the 50 years that I have been working in science is, to one degree or another, related to the role of regulatory and protective systems in the life of the body, the role of disruption of their functions in the occurrence of pathological processes and the creation of new diagnostic and diagnostic methods based on the knowledge gained. treatment. One example is thrombolytic therapy, which we were the first in the world to offer more than 40 years ago. The occurrence of blood clots in the coronary vessels is largely associated with a limitation in the body’s ability to increase the level of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic substances. Therefore, our idea was to imitate from the outside the body’s reaction that occurs to an increase in the level of coagulating factors in the blood. We first used fibrinolysin in 1961, and then our American colleagues were skeptical about our reports. And only in the mid-70s, when we showed the results of thrombolytic therapy using coronary angiography, it was recognized throughout the world.

Work in this direction continues to this day. Quite recently, a new drug, prourokinase, the final enzyme in the fibrinolysis system, was created at the cardio complex. We proceeded from the fact that the closer the drug is to those substances that are produced in the body, the safer and more effective it will become. If this drug is used in the first hours after myocardial infarction, blood circulation is restored in 70% of cases.

- What's new in the study of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis? After all, this is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases.

Many doctors still associate atherosclerosis with high lipid levels and hypercholesterolemia. But my teacher, Academician Myasnikov, also said that in addition to lipids important has a condition of the vascular wall. Our latest studies, conducted at a new methodological level, have shown that the appearance of an atherosclerotic plaque is preceded by inflammatory changes in the vascular wall. Unstable plaques and especially the possibility of their rupture are the basis for the formation of a blood clot and the occurrence of myocardial infarction. This occurs due to inflammation in the plaque and the accumulation of mononuclear leukocytes. We studied how this accumulation occurs. It turned out that such conditions are created by cytokines - proteins that regulate the functioning of the immune system. This process is called "chemotaxis", and we are looking for means that can suppress it. It turned out that there are a number of peptides that block chemotaxis. They were synthesized in our laboratory, and one of them turned out to be very active. We have studied its effect on animals and hope to obtain a fundamentally new drug for the treatment of atherosclerosis based on this peptide.

- Another pain point in cardiology is arterial hypertension, which affects every third resident of industrialized countries. Existing methods of therapy cannot affect the cause of high blood pressure and can only control it. Is there any hope for the emergence of fundamentally new drugs?

At one time, my teachers put forward a hypothesis that hypertension is associated with a violation of the regulatory mechanisms of the central nervous system. But in the West this theory was not recognized - they believed that it had no experimental and clinical evidence, and for me it was a matter of honor to prove the teachers right. We worked for many years in different directions on this theory and completely confirmed it. In this case, a unique method of microdialysis was used - a 1-micron thick catheter is inserted into a certain area of the rat’s brain, and dialysate is taken from there and examined. It turned out that the synthesis of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus accurately correlates with the basal level of blood pressure. With chronic stress, both the synthesis of norepinephrine and blood pressure levels change.

The brains of deceased patients suffering from arterial hypertension were studied using neuroimmunomorphology methods. It turned out that their production of vasopressin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus decreases, the synthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus increases, and the synthesis of nitric oxide decreases there. But the clinical data - it turned out that those suffering from hypertension clearly showed impaired brain perfusion in the temporoparietal regions. Upon joining diabetes mellitus and obesity, new foci of perfusion disturbances appear in the frontal regions of the brain. Moreover, if blood pressure decreases under the influence of drugs, then perfusion is normalized. Thus, the involvement of disorders of neuroregulatory mechanisms of the brain in the occurrence of hypertension is confirmed both clinically, neuromorphologically, and experimentally. This does not mean that hypertension is associated only with these disorders, but their triggering mechanism is obvious. Then genetic, hormonal and other factors are included.

Based on these data, it is possible to search for new treatments for hypertension. Our task is to study whether it is possible to suppress with medication not just an increase in blood pressure, but the mechanisms of the development of hypertension, to influence the situation developing with the neuroregulatory system of the brain.

- In your opinion, in which direction of medical science should we expect a breakthrough in the coming years?

The medical science of the future is genetics. Everyone studies gene mutation, but it is equally important to know their expression and the nature of their work. We are currently creating a gene expression atlas. It is already known what it is like with cardiac myxoma. The time will come when, based on the study of gene expression, a doctor will be able to make a diagnosis in the same way as is done today using an ECG. The expression of 600 cardiac genes responsible for protein synthesis and other factors on which the condition depends is being studied of cardio-vascular system.

- So, in recent years you have been more attracted to basic research?

I'm personally attracted to the fundamentals practical medicine. When I give proposals to my research collaborators, I always remember the commandment of Louis Pasteur: “There is neither fundamental nor applied science. There is one science, like a tree and the fruits it bears.”

- Evgeniy Ivanovich, you created a cardiology center - the pride of our medicine. They say it has no analogues anywhere in the world...

Indeed, now it is the only cardiological complex in the world that unites clinicians, theorists and an experimental plant. The idea was this: a doctor poses a problem to a theorist, the theorist studies it, then work on the drug proceeds, and the technology for its production is developed at our experimental plant.

We had theorists ourselves high level, even among young people there were laureates of the Lenin and State Prizes. An indicator of our high level is that 160 highly qualified employees went to work abroad in the 90s. But they have been replaced by the next generation - the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine of Moscow State University operates at our base.

- How have young scientists changed over the 50 years that you have been working in science?

We were distinguished by our determination; we thought more about science than about making money. I understand that doing science costs 1.5-2 thousand rubles. per month - this is, if not heroism, then enthusiasm. Young people need to feed their families, so I don’t blame those for whom salary comes first. But they do not have the kind of superb dedication that was characteristic of our generation of scientists. We were brought up according to the principle expressed by Leo Tolstoy: “Don’t look at science as a cash cow.” The famous physicist Artsimovich believed that scientists satisfy their curiosity at the expense of the state, and indeed, there was great interest in it.

- What do you think about young doctors?

Their situation is somewhat better than that of scientists - they have more opportunities to earn money. But today's young doctors lack breadth of knowledge. We received more fundamental training. A doctor should not work according to instructions, because Mudrov also said that it is necessary to treat not the disease, but the patient. But now there are very few members left in the Russian Academy medical sciences, elected in the specialty "therapy" - it was divided and continues to be divided into narrow specialties.

- Today, standardization is increasingly penetrating medicine. What do you think about it?

Standards are needed not by the doctor, but by compulsory medical insurance funds and insurance companies to pay for medical care. A good doctor is a doctor with analytical thinking, which compares, studies, and does not work according to instructions. It is most important. The doctor must follow the recommendations. For example, for the same hypertension, it is necessary to choose drugs from ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, beta blockers, and diuretics. But for a patient with only hypertension, one treatment regimen is indicated; for severe angina, another is recommended; different levels blood pressure treatment approaches will vary.

- What do you think about the commercialization of medicine?

For me this is the worst thing. The issue of life and death cannot depend on the patient’s availability of funds for treatment. This does not happen in any civilized country, but in Russia, unfortunately, it happens all the time. The other day an elderly patient came to me: “Doctor, I need to have an operation, but I don’t have money. What can I do - die?” We receive funding from the Ministry of Health for expensive types of medical care, and the rich pay for operations. So we found some money for free operations, and they were able to operate on that patient. But this is only one patient, and how many are there in Russia who need heart surgery and die because they cannot pay for it? There are few medical institutions left in the country like ours, where 70% of patients are treated free of charge. We are simply a patient people, and no one goes to the Constitutional Court when the constitutionally declared right to free medical care in state and municipal health care institutions is violated at every step.

I have never taken money from patients, and my patients know this. Colleagues laugh: “That’s why they don’t give it to you.” There was an incident in my youth that forever weaned me off bribes. In 1954, we, young residents of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute, were sent to provide mentorship to rural areas. I ended up in the Lobanovsky district hospital in the Efremovsky district Tula region. It was winter, and I rode around the nearby villages on a horse. In one of them, the paramedic was especially happy with me: “I have a very difficult girl at my station, I don’t know what to do with her.” Her mother died during the occupation, leaving her father alone. He, poor man, rushed around the house, realizing that he could lose his daughter too. I diagnosed her with double pneumonia, gave her an injection of then-scarce penicillin, which I had with me, then visited her several times, and she soon began to recover. When I said that everything was over and the girl would live, the grateful father began to push me a crumpled three-ruble note - apparently the last one, and after I refused it, he tried to catch a chicken for me. And then people in the villages lived in poverty - the war ended recently. How could I take this poor chicken? I scolded him, told him not to do anything stupid and to leave the chicken alone. Maybe I'm sentimental, but this episode remains in my memory forever.

- The government is currently developing plans for health care reform. We are talking about reducing the number of hospital beds, doctors, and changing the organizational and legal form of medical institutions. What do you think about it?

The number of doctors and beds is an issue that must be decided by local authorities. Let them decide what and how to cut. Should there be central district and city hospitals? Must. How many doctors will work there is a secondary question. It is much more important to discuss the medical care system itself. So far, no one has canceled the Alma-Ata Declaration, which was adopted by WHO. If we refuse free and accessible medical care, then we need to announce this directly.

What worries me most is the possible transition of healthcare to self-financing. This will be the death of the industry. I have traveled all over Russia and know the situation on the ground quite well. Let's take a local hospital in Yakutia, where there is one surgeon and one therapist working in a district with a radius of 50 km. Yes, the load on them is small, since people turn to them only in case of emergency, but if something happens, local residents can only count on help here. How can such a medical institution operate on self-support and pay rent? And in the Moscow region, where the population density is tens of times greater, when switching to self-supporting, there will be completely different wages, more attractive for doctors. Naturally, doctors will strive to go where they pay more. But who will remain to work in remote areas? Hospitals there will collapse, people may be left without medical care at all, and we may roll back to pre-revolutionary times.

You can criticize Soviet healthcare as much as you like; it really did have many shortcomings. But we must not forget that in the USSR 5.2% of GDP was spent on it, and at the same time it was believed that healthcare was financed on a residual basis. What can we say about the current 2.5% of GDP, which is much lower than the Soviet one?

Compulsory medical insurance today cannot compensate for the budget deficit. With real medical insurance, the employer pays money to the health insurance fund and is confident that if the employee needs medical care, even if it is expensive, he will receive it. Our compulsory medical insurance system, unfortunately, cannot guarantee this.

When I was the Minister of Health of the USSR, we sent groups of specialists to England, Sweden and Germany to study the state of affairs with medical insurance in these countries. I remember my meeting with Margaret Thatcher, at which I asked: “Madam Prime Minister, you privatized the coal industry, railway transport, but left health care to the state. Why?” She smiled: “If tomorrow I say a word about the privatization of healthcare, then the day after tomorrow I will no longer be prime minister.”

In the United States, every new president tries to reform health care and health insurance, but everything remains as it is. Healthcare is generally a fairly conservative area that is difficult to reform.

- When you were minister, it seemed that healthcare was more of a concern to the country’s leaders than it is now...

When Gorbachev persuaded me to become a minister, I demanded an additional 6 billion rubles as a condition. It was a lot of money, and we managed to get it. They began to build diagnostic centers and increased the salaries of doctors. The President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, recently told me that Kazakh healthcare still lives off the resources that were invested then. After all, we paid Special attention to the republics where there was a high infant mortality rate, and many new medical institutions were built there.

- Evgeniy Ivanovich, don’t you think that new diagnostic and treatment methods are becoming more and more expensive and less accessible to patients?

I look to the future of medicine with optimism. Fundamental science has made a giant step forward in recent years, and many new things await us. As for the high cost of modern medicine, this is a fact - indeed, new technologies are not cheap. But, on the other hand, we can rely on genetic research population basis. There are devices with high performance, and the patient will no longer need to have an X-ray or a blood test; it is enough to just determine the genetic status, and mass application this technology will not be as expensive as it seems. Doctors today can already determine which patients will develop the same cardiac myxoma in 4-5 years, and in the future such diagnostics will be available for many diseases. And prevention has always been cheaper than cure.

- Evgeniy Ivanovich, I know that you do not like to celebrate anniversaries, but we love and respect you as a wonderful doctor, scientist and friend of the Medical Newspaper, so we could not miss this date. Please accept our congratulations and wishes of good luck, health and creative longevity!

Evgeniy Ivanovich Chazov(June 10, 1929 Nizhny Novgorod) Soviet cardiologist, academician. For 20 years (1967-1986) he headed the 4th Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health - the so-called. "Kremlevka". In 1987-1990 - Minister of Health of the USSR. Member of the CPSU since 1962.

Biography

In 1953 he graduated from the Kiev Medical Institute and entered residency at the department of hospital therapy of cardiologist A.L. Myasnikov at the 1st Medical Institute in Moscow, defended his thesis for Candidate of Medical Sciences. He worked at the Institute of Therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences as a junior, then as a senior researcher, and later as deputy director of the institute for scientific work. Scientific interests E.I. Chazov were formed under the influence of the director of the Institute of Therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, laureate of the international Golden Stethoscope award, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences A.L. Myasnikov. In 1963 E.I. Chazov defended his doctoral dissertation. From 1965 to 1967 E.I. Chazov is the director of the Institute of Therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which was transformed in 1967 into the Institute of Cardiology (since 1976 - the A.L. Myasnikov Institute of Clinical Cardiology) of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1968, Deputy Minister of Health of the USSR and at the same time head of the department of emergency cardiology at the Institute of Cardiology named after. A.L. Myasnikova. In 1967 - 1986 Chazov is the head of the IV Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health. In 1976, Chazov became director of the new All-Union Cardiology Research Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (in 1991-1997 - Cardiology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences). In 1997, the Cardiology Center was transformed into the Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, headed by General Director E.I. Chazov. In 1968-1986. E.I. Chazov - Deputy Minister, and in 1987-1990. - Minister of Health of the USSR.

E.I. Chazov became a recognized authority, uniting the activities of Russian and American cardiologists. In the 70-80s E.I. Chazov, together with B. Lown (USA), was the initiator of the creation and co-chairman of the international movement “Doctors of the World for the Prevention of nuclear war", who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985.

Scientific activity

Main works on the problems of thrombosis and myocardial infarction, myocardial metabolism and circulatory failure. Editor of the journal “Therapeutic Archive” (since 1973). Chairman of the All-Union Cardiological Society (since 1975). In 1967 E.I. Chazov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1971 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and in 1979 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

More than 30 doctoral and 50 candidate dissertations were defended under his leadership. Author of more than 450 scientific works, including 15 monographs. Honored Scientist of Russia, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Member of the expert advisory council of the World Health Organization.

Awards:

hero of Socialist Labor;
Order of Lenin (awarded four times).

Awards:

1967 Prize of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences named after. S.P. Botkin for the monograph “Thrombosis and embolism in the clinic of internal diseases”;
1977 Prize of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. A.L. Myasnikov for the monograph “Essays on Emergency Cardiology”;
1982 Lenin Prize - E.I. Chazov and a number of employees for theoretical, experimental and clinical substantiation of the use of immobilized enzymes for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases;
1997 Léon Bernard Foundation Award with the World Health Organization Medal for Excellence in Community Medicine;
2003 Big gold medal named after M.V. Lomonosov.

Books:

“Diseases of the heart and blood vessels” in 4 volumes (two editions, 1982 and 1992) Editor and one of the authors;
“Health and Power” (1992);
"Rock" (2000)

Foreign awards

Honorary member of the American Heart Association, the International College of Higher Nervous Activity (USA), the Swedish Scientific Medical Society, the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Columbian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Mexican National Academy of Medicine.

Honorary Doctor

Honorary Doctor of Military medical academy(St. Petersburg), Jena University (Germany), Charles University (Czech Republic), Queens University (Canada), Krakow University (Poland), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Belgrade (Yugoslavia).

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Irina Evgenievna was brought up in a family of famous Russian scientists and doctors. After graduating from the First Moscow Medical Institute. I.M. Sechenova studied at a clinical residency in cardiology at the All-Union Cardiology Research Center of the Academy of Medical Sciences. From that time on, Irina Evgenievna’s whole life was inextricably linked with cardiology and the Institute of Cardiology, where she went from a laboratory assistant in the department of myocardial diseases and heart failure to the director of the institute, as an applicant, she successfully defended first her candidate’s and then her doctoral dissertation, and became a professor. For the first time in the USSR, she began to treat patients with very rare and serious illness– primary pulmonary hypertension. Irina Evgenievna, together with her American colleagues, cardiologists, based on morphological data, developed algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension at a time when it was almost impossible to help these patients. Several years ago, on her initiative, a register of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension was created and is successfully operating. Having headed the Department of Systemic Hypertension in 1999, Irina Evgenievna continued the work of famous Russian scientists Arabidze G. G., Postnova Yu. A. In the department all scientific topics on arterial hypertension and new ones have been developed and implemented, which are currently presented as separate areas.

Thanks to enormous energy and well-deserved authority among doctors in all regions Russian Federation Irina Evgenievna stood at the origins of the creation of the Russian Medical Society for Arterial Hypertension. With her participation, educational projects for doctors on the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension have been developed, and she is the initiator of the creation of national recommendations for the management of these patients.

Irina Evgenievna Chazova is the head of a world-famous scientific school, her students are former residents and graduate students, and now experienced clinicians, scientific candidates and doctors of science work throughout the country, as well as in neighboring countries and far abroad. The whole life of this extraordinary person is connected with the search for the most effective methods prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Monographs, textbooks and hundreds scientific articles played a significant role in the development of many thousands of cardiologists working in practical healthcare today.

Irina Evgenievna is always open to communication with colleagues. Its employees note high professionalism and deep knowledge, attention and sensitivity towards patients and their relatives. Intelligence and tact, friendliness and erudition, responsibility and openness, sincerity and deep decency towards colleagues, often living in different cities and countries - this is how people who communicate with Irina Evgenievna feel. The breadth of her interests and range of knowledge, an excellent sense of the new, the ability to formulate the main solved and unresolved problems of today and pose questions that require solutions tomorrow, and high demands, first of all on herself, evoke admiration and respect. All this has earned her recognition from doctors and patients, both in our country and abroad. Despite the extensive administrative work, Irina Evgenievna is, first of all, a doctor, and the fate of a sick person was and remains her main goal.

And at home Irina Evgenievna is a strict mother and loving grandmother, devoting some free time to communicating with her daughter and granddaughter. A person who is ready to help family and friends at any time of the day or night, regardless of the circumstances and his own problems.

Evgeniy Chazov is a cardiologist, but the whole world knows him. How did an ordinary doctor gain such popularity? The answer to this question lies in the biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov. Without embellishment, rumors and fabrications, our article will talk about the life and professional activities of the famous doctor.

Chazov's parents

Not a single story about any celebrity is complete without a description of childhood and youth hero. The description of the life of a world-famous doctor will be no exception. The biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov originates in the Soviet city of Gorky. It was here that the hero of our article was born on June 10, 1929. Today Gorky is Nizhny Novgorod. Evgeniy Ivanovich often comes to his hometown.

The famous doctor's parents met at the front. A civil war was raging in the country. Evgeniy's father, Ivan Chazov, fought in the Red Army. Mother, Alexandra Ilyinichna, studied at a medical institute and later worked as a therapist. Perhaps it was she who instilled in the hero of our article a passion for medicine.

Chazov's childhood and youth

Evgeniy Chazov did not see his parents often. Mother worked very hard. In the Nizhny Novgorod village, where she was a doctor, there was simply no end to the number of patients. The situation worsened with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when Evgeniy’s parents went to the front. The boy had to stay with his cousin in the Northern Urals.

The Chazov family was reunited only in 1944. Zhenya finished school, after which he entered the Kiev Medical Institute. It was this moment that became a turning point in the biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov. After graduating from school, the hero of our article realized that he wanted to connect his life with medicine.

Professional activity

Evgeniy Ivanovich graduated in 1953. Having received his bachelor's degree, Chazov went to Moscow, where he became a resident at the department of Myasnikov, a famous cardiologist at that time. In 1959, the hero of our article becomes a candidate of sciences, and in 1963 - a doctor of sciences. Evgeniy successfully defends his dissertation, after which he begins to engage in medical and scientific activities.

Throughout his career, Evgeniy Ivanovich has received various awards and prizes more than once. In 1978 he received the well-deserved title of Hero of Socialist Labor. It must be said that not everyone was given such an award. outstanding people. It was not easy to earn such a prestigious award.

The hero of our article declared himself as a brilliant scientist and doctor. The biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov is full of interesting discoveries and amazing experiences.

Life in the USSR

The young doctor of sciences, who had already distinguished himself with excellent work and several state awards, was noticed by the Soviet authorities. Evgeniy Ivanovich was offered to head the Main Directorate under the Ministry of Soviet Health. Chazov held this post for almost 20 years - from 1967 to 1986. In 1987, the famous doctor was offered to become Minister of Health.

What do you remember about the work of doctor and scientist Evgeniy Ivanovich Chazov in this post? During the work of the hero of our article as a minister, Soviet healthcare rose to unprecedented heights. In many areas of medicine, representatives of the USSR could well compete with other countries. Citizens also felt the changes.

Late medicine Soviet period still remains the standard. Did Dr. Chazov play any role in this? Of course, the work of Evgeniy Ivanovich was both a source and the most important factor development of the entire healthcare system. However, Evgeny Chazov’s biography included not only high-quality work in public office. It would not be amiss to recall the scientific activities of the famous doctor.

Achievements in the scientific field

Chazov is the author of many scientific works. Evgeniy Ivanovich is first and foremost a cardiologist. That is why most of his works are devoted to the functioning of the cardiovascular system. The hero of our article studied phenomena such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, circulatory failure, etc. Most of Chazov’s works were published in the journal “Therapeutic Archive”.

It would be unfair to ignore the fact that it was Chazov who significantly influenced today’s treatment methods in the field of cardiology. Almost all techniques used in cardiovascular centers were developed or improved by Evgeniy Ivanovich.

Contribution to the development of medicine

As Minister of Health, Evgeniy Chazov managed to do quite a lot of useful things. In 1987, the entire Ministry switched to a new working format. On the initiative of Evgeniy Ivanovich, several diagnostic centers were created, which later merged into a whole network. Formed special system combating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Getting diagnosed and prescribing treatment has become much easier.

Evgeny Chazov initiated the adoption of a law according to which mentally ill people began to receive high-quality and immediate assistance. We can say that during perestroika the system of providing psychiatric care was completely reformed.

The healthcare field has received its qualitative development thanks to the introduction of new economic and financial principles. The management of the huge system of Soviet medicine became significantly easier. Many treatment institutions for minors were created. According to statistics, the infant mortality rate has dropped several times. The emergency medical system, the so-called ambulance, has also been improved.

The biography of Evgeniy Ivanovich Chazov did not in any way interfere with his work as minister. On the contrary, extensive knowledge in the field of medicine only helped to improve complex system healthcare. Chazov is a truly unique person. His contribution to domestic medicine is undeniable.

Relations with political leaders

It's no secret that the biography of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov is closely connected with famous political and public figures. "I have treated nineteen leaders of fifteen states. I need to be included in the Book of Records!" - the famous doctor jokingly declares himself.

Evgeny Chazov’s work could not be called calm. As is known, political world quite aggressive. This affects all people, and especially those close to them." powerful of the world this." Chazov belonged to the category of those close to him. He treated and advised Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, Gorbachev, American presidents, and many others political leaders. It would seem, how could such a wonderful person not suit famous politicians? According to Chazov himself, many began a real hunt for him. Evgeniy Ivanovich allegedly “knew too much.” Whether this is true or not is difficult to answer. Chazov himself often associated his troubles with this. It is quite possible that the famous doctor occasionally developed a little paranoia.

Family of Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov

In the biography of the famous doctor, family has always played a special role. True, Chazov changed it periodically. Evgeniy Ivanovich was not as lucky with his personal life as with his scientific activities.

The lives of all the wives and families of Evgeniy Chazov are quite well known. The biographies of each wife of the famous doctor are familiar to many doctors and scientists. These are truly outstanding women, well known in medical circles.

The first wife of the famous doctor was Rinata Lebedeva. This woman distinguished herself by becoming the first Soviet resuscitator. The daughter of Chazov and Lebedeva, Tatyana, followed in the footsteps of her parents. She is a professor and endocrinologist.

After his divorce from Lebedeva, Evgeniy Ivanovich married Lydia Germanova, a doctor of science and the founder of preventive treatment. The married couple had a daughter, Irina. Today she is a professor of cardiology and director of the Myasnikov Institute. Evgeniy Ivanovich lived with Germanova for a little over ten years.

Chazov’s last wife, Lydia Zhukova, died quite recently. Evgeny Chazov lived with her the longest - almost 30 years. Today, the famous cardiologist is supported by his grandchildren and children. Already the fourth generation of Chazovs worthily continues the dynasty of doctors.

Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

Born on June 10, 1929 in Gorky. Father - Chazov (Gorshkov) Ivan Petrovich (1901-1969). Mother - Chazova Alexandra Ilyinichna (1904-1971). My wife, Lidia Mikhailovna Zhukova, worked for 48 years in the 4th Directorate of the Ministry of Health. Eldest daughter- Tatyana, endocrinologist, associate professor of the department of endocrinology of the Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov. Youngest daughter- Irina, Doctor of Medical Sciences, cardiologist, head of department at the Institute of Clinical Cardiology. Grandson - Evgeniy Golovnya, 5th year medical student. Granddaughter, Olga Voronkova, is finishing school and is also planning to connect her life with medicine.

My maternal grandfather, Ilya Chazov, was a well-known master in the Urals for the production of cast iron products; he worked at the Kuva Stroganov plant. My father came from Nizhny Novgorod peasants; after the revolution, he served in the army for a long time. The mother was the youngest of twelve children in the family. During civil war her brothers joined the partisans, and she, as a Komsomol member, was soon arrested by Kolchak’s members. When the Red Army advanced, those arrested were led to execution... The mother was wounded, but miraculously remained alive: she was picked up in the taiga and foresters came out. Soon she went to the front, where she met my father, then a Red Army partisan. When she was already over 30, she graduated from medical school and became a general practitioner, which, of course, played a decisive role in my choice of profession. Mother is a participant in the Great Patriotic War. At that time I lived with relatives in the northern Urals. In 1944, our family moved to Kyiv. Mother worked as an assistant at the Kiev Medical Institute, and then, after moving to Moscow, as the head teacher of the nursing school at the First Medical Institute. At the Kiev Medical Institute, I graduated with honors from the Faculty of Medicine and was recommended for graduate school. But a non-Ukrainian surname interfered with my plans...

In 1953 E.I. Chazov went to Moscow and became a resident at the Department of Hospital Therapy of the 1st Medical Institute. Three years later, the young doctor defended his Ph.D. thesis and was sent to work at the Kremlin hospital on Granovsky Street. Meanwhile A.L. Myasnikov reorganized the Institute of Therapy and in 1958 invited E.I. Chazov first became a senior researcher, head of the resuscitation department, and soon made him his deputy.

From the very beginning of my professional activity, I was lucky to work with such luminaries of our medicine as P.E. Lukomsky, E.V. Schmidt, W.H. Vasilenko, V.S. Mayat, A.Ya. Abrahamyan, I.L. Tager, V.N. Vinogradov, E.M. Tareev, M.Ya. Panchenkov. Collaboration with them allowed me to develop as a general practitioner.

However, my development as a doctor and scientist took place at Pirogovka, in the old hospital wards, where A.P. was once treated. Chekhov, where the principles of the old Russian medical school reigned. Here I met Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov, who became my teacher and life mentor, and largely determined my destiny as a scientist and doctor. And the point is not that I later became his closest assistant, that he contributed to my entry into the circle world scientists. The main thing that A.L. gave me Myasnikov is that he supported my scientific aspirations and gave me the opportunity to bring scientific ideas to life.

In 1959 E.I. Chazov organized one of the first international practice an intensive observation unit for heart attack patients and a special pre-hospital ambulance service. His work on thrombolytic therapy became widely known. Since 1960, he began using these drugs to treat myocardial infarction, and in 1974 he was the first to use their intracoronary administration. In 1963, Evgeniy Ivanovich defended his doctoral dissertation, and two years later he became a professor.

In 1959, when we took up this problem, every second person with a myocardial infarction died. Before our eyes, a kind of revolution took place that radically changed the fate of these patients. This victory was ensured by the three principles of their treatment that we first put forward: the widespread introduction of thrombolytic therapy, including at the prehospital stage; creation of a treatment system - from specialized ambulance to intensive observation wards; creation of a rehabilitation system.

Now these are simple lines in textbooks for medical universities and guidelines for doctors. But how much hard work, sleepless nights, searches involving risk, discussions, struggles with officials with and without ranks who were afraid to overstep the instructions, is behind these dry phrases! How many difficult moments we have had to endure because of the envy that often accompanies the successes of scientists!

Then, in the early 60s, when journalists and filmmakers glorified my courage and the successes of Soviet medicine, I could not say that the decision to inject myself with a completely unknown, untested, complete possible complications the drug that dissolves blood clots was taken out of desperation and fear that I would not be allowed to complete the work. And I am grateful to Liliya Fedorovna Nikolaeva, who worked with me, who later became a professor, one of those who created rehabilitation for our country, and Igor Sergeevich Glazunov, who also became a professor, one of the founders of the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases, that they found the courage to implement this experiment, which in case of failure and severe complications could bring them great trouble.

Death of A.L. Myasnikova to some extent changed the fate of E.I. Chazova. At that time, it was not customary to put a “boy” at the head of an academic institute (and Evgeniy Ivanovich was in his 36th year). For a year he served as acting director, and then was unanimously approved in this position and recommended as a corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences. His work on the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction and new approaches to the treatment of thrombosis had already become widely known in many countries around the world, and the famous American cardiologist Paul White predicted a great future for Chazov’s work. But fate intervened, and, despite his objections, E.I. Chazov is appointed to the position of head of the 4th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Health. This appointment turned out to be more than twenty long years...

Having spent almost a quarter of a century in the thick of political passions, knowing about the unusual and unpredictable fates of prominent political figures, I sometimes wanted to know why the choice of L.I. Brezhnev fell on me, and with my categorical objection?

At the end of December 1966 at All-Union Congress cardiologists, I had to sit on the Presidium together with the then Minister of Health B.V. Petrovsky. I did not attach any importance to his questions about life, interests, acquaintances, and medical activities. The next day he called me and asked me to come talk. This also did not cause me concern, since during the meeting at the congress I told him about plans to create a cardiological service in the country to treat patients with heart diseases. Imagine my surprise when, without even having time to say hello, he invited me to head the 4th Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, popularly called the Kremlin Hospital. At the first moment I was so confused that I didn’t know what to say. However, memories of the fastidious and spoiled “contingent” attached to the Kremlin hospital, constant monitoring of every step in work and life by the KGB caused me to categorically reject the proposal.

But Petrovsky did not accept my arguments. After listening to all the arguments, the minister said that tomorrow I should be at the CPSU Central Committee with comrades V.A. Baltiysky and S.P. Trapeznikov, and immediately after the New Year L.I. would like to meet with me. Brezhnev. After such a message, it became clear that I was already a “sold bride” and my resistance was in vain.

On the very first day of 1967, early in the morning, I went to Old Square, to entrance No. 1. Crossing the threshold of this building, which at that time personified power, might, where the fates of millions were determined and where they entered with respect and trembling, I had no idea It was coming that this entrance would become for me an ordinary entrance to an ordinary institution, where I would have to solve ordinary work issues.

On this day I was passed along the chain - B.V. Petrovsky - V.A. Baltiysky, V.A. Baltiysky - head of the science department of the CPSU Central Committee S.P. Trapeznikov. Finally, at about 10 am we (me, B.V. Petrovsky and S.P. Trapeznikov) were invited to L.I.’s office. Brezhnev. When I greeted him, I did not imagine that I would connect my life with this man for 15 years. At that moment, I liked Brezhnev - a stately, fit man with a military bearing, a pleasant smile, a manner of conversation conducive to frankness, humor, smooth speech.

The conversation lasted about two hours. He didn't ask me about my political sympathies or beliefs. The conversation included more medical and everyday problems. Brezhnev recalled how he suffered a severe myocardial infarction while working in Chisinau, how in 1957, on the eve of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, at which Malenkov, Molotov and Kaganovich were defeated, he was hospitalized with a micro-infarction and still went to the plenum to save Khrushchev. We remembered the old “Kremlevka”, where he was treated and where I worked in 1957. Brezhnev spoke sharply about the state of work of this department. “You are the person with new thoughts that we need. We need to create an indicative system, attract best forces, to adopt all the best that exists in world medicine."

After listening to my categorical objections in conclusion, L.I. Brezhnev said: “Now, if you immediately agreed and said - Leonid Ilyich, the party said “it is necessary” - that means “there is!”, I would still think about whether to appoint you as head of the department or not. And if you refuse, it means that You won’t find anyone better than you.” And, turning to the security chief, A. Ryabenko, who had entered, he added with humor: “Sasha, Evgeniy Ivanovich doesn’t want to go to work in the 4th department, so you find a policeman in the security of the building no lower than a colonel and send him to the department with him. Let him start.” work".

And I (of course, without a policeman) went to the 4th Main Directorate. The fact that my appointment was processed hastily and was a complete surprise, in particular for the staff of this department, became clear to me from the curious situation that arose when I arrived at the commandant’s office on Granovsky Street with the order for my appointment. When I identified myself, such undisguised surprise and confusion was written on the faces of the guards that it made me smile. They embarrassedly told me that they had no right to let me through, since there was no pass. The head of security was calling somewhere for a long time, talking to someone. Finally, having apparently received instructions, he ran out of his office with an apology and took me into the main building.

Work in the 4th Directorate for E.I. Chazov means endless sleepless nights, constant psychological pressure, unpredictability of the situation, endless business trips combined with a colossal volume of medical activities, work without days off or vacations. Do we need to talk about the incredible responsibility and extreme nature of the work? Suffice it to say that the health and lives of not only the top leaders of the party and state depended on her Soviet Union, but also many leaders from Algeria, Angola, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, East Germany, Egypt, North Korea, Yemen, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Syria, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, not to mention hundreds of prominent political and public figures, scientists, writers, artists, such as M. Keldysh, A. Tupolev, M. Yangel, D. Shostakovich, D. Oistrakh, M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, S. Lemeshev and many others.

As the head of the 4th Directorate E.I. Chazov supervised the treatment of the General Secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee L.I. Brezhnev, K.U. Chernenko, Yu.V. Andropova.

I heard so many speculations, especially in the “post-perestroika” period, about the level of work of the 4th Main Directorate to preserve the health of leading figures of the party and state. What haven’t they written about possible use medicine for political purposes, up to accusations of deliberately constructing such treatment regimens and patient regimens that contributed to the tragic outcome. From a human perspective, reading this nonsense was simply disgusting. But the conscience is calm, because all the results of the post-mortem audit indicated the high professionalism of those who carried out the treatment. Our outstanding pathologists, who were invited to assess the correctness of the diagnosis after the death of the Kremlin leaders - academicians A.I. Strukov, N.A. Kraevsky, whose signatures appear on medical reports, were surprised how patients with such a pathology could live and work actively for many years.

“This is only possible under the conditions of the Fourth Directorate,” they usually concluded their conclusions. And how could it be otherwise if the treatment was carried out collectively by the country's leading scientists and doctors? So various kinds of “memoirists” should know that Professor Chazov single-handedly never did anything in terms of treating patients.

The introduction of modern achievements of world medical science was one of the conditions for providing highly qualified diagnostic and treatment assistance to the assigned contingent, inherent in the institutions of the Kremlin medicine.

For the first time in the history of practical healthcare, a Central Research Laboratory - Educational and Scientific Center - was created within the 4th Directorate, the organizer of which was E.I. Chazov. It was the basis for optimizing research work in management, effective implementation of the achievements of medical science in everyday clinical and diagnostic work, and the main basis for postgraduate training of scientific and medical personnel. Academicians V.S. were formed in its depths. Gasilin, A.P. Golikov, G.A. Ryabov, V.G. Smagin.

The period in the history of medicine when E.I. was at the head of the department. Chazov, was characterized by a significant increase in the volume of the medical base, widespread introduction preventive measures, improvement of specialized care, development of the scientific foundations for organizing the work of medical and preventive care institutions. This was facilitated by the construction of a whole network of new unique clinical, polyclinic and sanatorium complexes, such as the United Hospital with a Polyclinic, a new polyclinic building (Sivtsev Vrazhek), the Volzhsky Utes, Podmoskovye, Zagorskie Dali, Moskva, and Podmoskovye sanatoriums. White Nights", "Reshma", "Imeni S.M. Kirov" in Pyatigorsk, "Ai-Danil" and "Sea Surf" in Crimea and many others, the Valdai holiday home, the creation of a Rehabilitation Center, the further development of the main inpatient complex Central Clinical Hospital and other healthcare facilities. The successful solution of the tasks assigned to the management was largely determined by the progressive development of the preventive direction in the activities of outpatient institutions, effective use methods of recovery and rehabilitation in practical work hospitals and health resorts management.

Working in the 4th Directorate gave me the opportunity to create, create, grow as a leader and doctor, and realize my creative plans. There I went through a wonderful school and became a general therapist. All difficult questions were decided collectively, at consultations. P.E. was directly involved in them. Lukomsky, V.S. Mayat, N.N. Malinovsky, A.Ya. Abrahamyan and other outstanding doctors. Despite my position of authority, I was not shy about asking questions and was constantly learning. I remember with great respect the people who worked there. They were distinguished by high responsibility and dedication. I remember during the operation Marshal D.F. Ustinov needed warm donor blood. One of the anesthesiologists, named Zapadnov, having the same group, gave the required amount of his blood, and then stood up again workplace in the operating room. And there were many such actions.

Today I am often asked: why, knowing the state of health of all the top officials of our state, did you not make them public? This is a question that has plagued me for over thirty years and that no one can answer. Where is the line between civic duty and medical ethics? Isn't a doctor a criminal who hides from society the helplessness and incapacity of his patient - the leader of the country, who determines its life and the well-being of the people? But from a personal perspective: can a doctor reveal a patient’s secrets? For a long time I adhered to the compromise position, which I myself hated, of “conciliation” - to reveal the truth when it cannot influence the political fate of the patient or the former leader of the country, but will preserve the truth for history and, perhaps, will be a lesson for the future. Life experience convinced that if we want to create an open, free society, then the most open figure in all respects (including health, especially mental health) should be the leader of the country.

In parallel with work in the 4th Main Directorate of E.I. Chazov did not break ties with his “alma mater”, continuing to remain the head of the intensive care unit at the Institute of Cardiology. He stood at the origins of the formation of an extensive network of cardiology institutions (research institutes, centers, dispensaries) in the country. Created in 1976 on his personal initiative and with the direct participation of the All-Union Scientific Cardiological Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences - the Russian Cardiological Research and Production Complex of the Ministry of Health of Russia - and headed by him to the present day, it is a leading multidisciplinary cardiological complex providing highly qualified care, whose specialists and the results of their scientific - practical activities received deservedly highly appreciated and recognition among the medical community both in our country and abroad.

There were many events in my life, but the opening of the cardiology center as a monument to my generation meant no less to me than the award of the Lenin Prize for scientific developments. Our medicine owes the creation of such a center to Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, who, having seen 5 million rubles for the construction of the center in the primary distribution plan for the subbotnik money, said: “What do you want to build - an institution of the highest architectural and medical level or another clinic? Don’t forget, you build international center Cardiological Science".

The adopted resolution created not only a center, but an entire system of cardiac care with the creation of cardiology institutes in the republics. They were built in St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Bishkek, Tbilisi, Baku, Yerevan, Saratov, and construction began in Tashkent and Alma-Ata. Two of our branches were created in Siberia - Tomsk and Tyumen, which later turned into the largest cardiology centers.

In 1987, at the insistence of M.S. Gorbacheva E.I. Chazov, by decision of the Politburo, was appointed Minister of Health of the USSR.

With great reluctance, I went to the ministry, where everything, from the dirty entrance and corridors, seemed foreign to me. But this was a small thing compared to the issues that faced the ministry - low wages, poor material and technical base, insufficient qualifications of a significant part of doctors, lack of a clear ideology for improving financial, preventive and therapeutic activities. I understood what a difficult situation I was in. The minister's position was no higher (if not lower) than that of the head of the Kremlin's medical service, who was subordinate to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and reported only to him. Many of my colleagues sarcastically expected how the vaunted academician would fail in his new position. The country's healthcare is not the 4th Main Directorate, which has colossal rights and numerous benefits. However, then I did not go into subtle philosophical and psychological assessments new appointment and got down to business with enthusiasm.

E.I. Chazov invited people who came from practical medicine and knew it well to work in the ministry pain points and clearly presented the shortcomings that need to be corrected. It was obvious that renewal was necessary in everything: in the principles of organization, financing, management, training and improvement of personnel, and finally, in determining priorities.

Under his leadership, the ministry began to actively study issues of insurance medicine, new forms of management and management in the healthcare system. In order to free medical institutions from petty supervision from above, one of the first to raise the issue of decentralization of management, that is, the transfer of many functions performed by the ministry to the localities, to the regions.

Healthcare priorities were identified: combating child mortality, infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and AIDS, as well as cardiovascular and oncological diseases. These problems were solved through widespread prevention, on the one hand, and strengthening specialized care, on the other.

The list of proposals for improving and restructuring the health care system proposed by the ministry completely coincided with those ideas for reforming the existing economic and business system that were put forward by leading economists, scientists, and business executives. Subsequently, it was embodied in a specific resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers “The main directions of protecting public health and restructuring the health care of the USSR in the twelfth five-year plan and for the period until 2000,” which laid down new approaches to the financing and management of health care, its priorities, and solutions to issues of ensuring the population with medicines, medical equipment, etc. To imagine the scale of this work, it is enough to point out that 190 (!) billion rubles were allocated for 6 years to solve health problems - a colossal amount at that time.

Analyzing the past, I think that we managed to do the main thing for those times: to achieve recognition by party and economic leaders, not in words, but in deeds, of the priority of health issues, to open the eyes of the party and society to the true state of health care, its social significance, to bring to the consciousness of the leaders of all ranks, that solving health problems is the future of the country and people. The apotheosis of a broad discussion of health care problems was the first congress of doctors, held in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses with the participation, for the first time in the history of the USSR, of the entire Politburo.

List of specific cases of the Ministry of Health under the leadership of E.I. Chazov would take up more than one page. Thus, created in those years with the active support of N.I. Ryzhkov’s system of diagnostic centers, not only in Russia, but also in new states, has survived today and is an important link in providing diagnostics at the modern level. Many other examples could be given, each of which would begin with the word “for the first time”: a system of cardiac care was created; the foundations for the fight against child mortality have been laid; a system to combat HIV infection has been created (more than 400 special laboratories have begun to operate in the country); An emergency medicine service has been created. For the first time, the question that worried many human rights activists was raised about the inadmissibility of using psychiatry for selfish, including political, purposes. A proposal was made and implemented to organize special medical institutions for the care of dying patients - hospices. Environmental problems, issues of sanitation and hygiene, which had previously been hushed up, were brought to a broad level of discussion.

The most important achievement in those years was the reduction in overall mortality, infant mortality, and the incidence of tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and infections, which ultimately led to an increase in average life expectancy.

All of our professional activities and the struggle to improve healthcare took place against the backdrop of complex political battles and political decisions that determined the fate of a great country. On the wave of popular discontent economic situation and due to the unpreparedness of the CPSU for new methods of struggle for power in conditions of pluralism, the so-called multi-party system, glasnost and democracy, many politicians, all kinds of political talkers with populist slogans, who did nothing, were involved in these battles, in the center of which were Gorbachev and Yeltsin They couldn’t offer anything constructive.

When did the First Congress meet? people's deputies, we hoped that Gorbachev would offer a concrete program for overcoming the economic and political crisis. Unfortunately, the country heard nothing but general discussions about the mistakes of the past and about democratization, except verbal skirmishes, appeals and appeals. All this confirmed my opinion that I need to leave the post of minister.

Freed from the burden of the ministerial portfolio, in March 1990 E.I. Chazov returned to the leadership of the Cardiology Research Center. IN to the fullest he had to face many problems characteristic of post-Soviet period.

To shorten the path from science to production, the Cardiology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences was reorganized into the Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which included clinical and theoretical institutes, a plant and a number of auxiliary units.

The success of our new endeavors would be impossible without the involvement of the achievements of fundamental sciences. Today, the first new generation thrombolytic drug in Russia, obtained using genetic engineering technology, prourokinase, which helps not only with heart attacks, but also with some eye diseases, has been introduced into the practice of treating thrombosis. Monoclonal bodies have been obtained that prevent thrombosis. The discovery of a new creatine phosphate pathway for transporting energy to the heart opens new avenues in the search for treatments for heart failure. One of these drugs, “neoton,” has already found application in the clinic.

As a scientist, I have always been attracted by the mysteries of the relationship between the brain and the heart, and by elucidating the material substrate in the central nervous system that explains the emergence of a number of diseases, in particular hypertension. This became possible when the method of brain microdialysis appeared. We began to find out what happens to the neurotransmitters that regulate the activity of brain centers under conditions of well-known stress? And we received answers to a number of questions that physiologists and clinicians faced. It turned out, for example, that the body's response to stress depends on the basal content in the vasomotor centers of such neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and dopamine, and that the level of their increase in neurotic animals differed from those observed in healthy ones.

Not many people know that the first work on space medicine came out of our center. V.V. Parin, who once headed the laboratory of physiology at the Institute of Therapy, laid its foundations, which traditionally developed and resulted in end result on the long space flight of our employee Oleg Yurievich Atkov.

Carrying out such work became possible only with the creation of a cardiology center. What to hide? This was the real embodiment of my dream, and not only mine - my teacher, our employees. And not for my own sake, not for the sake of vanity and ambition, I gave a lot of effort so that a scientific center would appear in the Soviet Union international level. It is significant that the first to respond to the creation of a cardiocenter was the famous American magazine Time under the impressive title “City of Cardiology near Moscow.”

The authority of the center is undoubtedly confirmed by the fact that it was here that the operation of the first President of Russia B.N. was performed with great success. Yeltsin. Fame and world recognition E.I. Chazov benefited from his fundamental and clinical research in the field of cardiovascular diseases. The main directions of his scientific activity were the study of the mechanisms of development and treatment of atherosclerosis, issues of thrombus formation and thrombolytic therapy, pathogenesis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction. His scientific developments in the field of diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction formed the basis of the system of step-by-step treatment of patients with myocardial infarction created in the Soviet Union for the first time in world practice. E.I. Chazov is one of the founders of the scientific direction of developing thrombolysis methods and creating new highly effective thrombolytic drugs.

Evgeniy Ivanovich is the founder of the generally recognized school of cardiology. Among his students are academicians, professors... This is V.M. Bogolyubov, Yu.N. Belenkov, V.V. Kukharchuk, N.A. Mazur, O. Atkov and many others. Students of E.I. Chazovs work not only in Russia, but also in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and in many leading medical centers peace. Under his leadership, 27 doctoral and 49 candidate dissertations were defended.

Along with the research work of E.I. Chazov carries out extensive scientific and organizational work. At his proposal and under his leadership, a network of cardiology research institutes and cardiological practical healthcare service institutions was created in all former republics of the USSR, the Association of Cardiologists of the CIS Countries, and a State program was developed scientific research in cardiology. E.I. Chazov - editor-in-chief of the journal "Therapeutic Archive", chairman of the Scientific Council for cardiovascular diseases Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

My professional life is memorable to me not only for my successes in scientific and medical work, my activities as head of the 4th department and minister. My memories flash back to the years of struggle to ban nuclear weapons. When in 1979 my friend and colleague, the famous American cardiologist B. Lown, approached me with a proposal to organize international movement doctors fighting for the prohibition of nuclear weapons, I did not imagine what scale it would reach, what important role it will play a role in ending the arms race and its restrictions. It played the role of a spark from which the fire of a broad social movement against race broke out nuclear weapons.

In the spring of 1980, a large conference of American medical scientists and doctors was held in Cambridge (Massachusetts) to examine the consequences of nuclear war. The conference, on behalf of 654 prominent American figures in medicine and science, addressed the leaders of the United States and the USSR with an open statement, “Danger: Nuclear War.”

Soviet doctors supported the call of their American colleagues to unite the efforts of doctors around the world in the fight against the nuclear threat, in explaining to the governments and peoples of the world the true consequences of nuclear war. To this end, at the end of 1980, a meeting of Soviet and American medical scientists took place in Geneva: professors E.I. Chazova, L.A. Ilyina, M.I. Kuzin (USSR), Professor B. Laun and doctors D. Muller and E. Chevian (USA). They unanimously spoke out for the need to create a broad and representative international movement of doctors for the prevention of nuclear war. On March 20-25, 1981, the first international congress of the World Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War movement took place in the small town of Arley near Washington (USA). Professors E.I. were elected co-chairs of the movement. Chazov and B. Laun. At the congress, which was attended by scientists and doctors from 11 countries, for the first time in the history of medicine, generalizing material was given on the medical consequences of nuclear war and documents were adopted, which were then used by the world community, unofficially (the international non-governmental commission on disarmament and security under the leadership of U. Palme) and official international organizations (UN, World Health Organization) to make decisions regarding the consequences of nuclear war. The materials of the congress and its documents found wide support among doctors all over the planet. In just 1981, movements of doctors advocating the prevention of nuclear war formed in 31 countries around the world.

In July 1981, the Soviet Committee “Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War” was organized under the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, which included leading representatives of medical science and leaders of almost all medical societies of the USSR. The committee focused its activities in two main areas: firstly, on the basis of scientific developments, it assessed the possible medical consequences of nuclear war and, secondly, informed the world community, governments and international organizations about possible consequences nuclear disaster. Academician E.I. Chazov presented scientific data concerning the medical consequences of nuclear war at meetings of the international non-governmental commission on disarmament and security. The speeches of Soviet doctors on this problem at a major international symposium lawyers and at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in Rome.

A major victory for the World Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War movement was the adoption in May 1981 of a special resolution by the World Health Assembly regarding the medical consequences of nuclear war and the role of WHO in preventing the nuclear arms race and disarmament. Pursuant to this resolution, the Director-General of WHO created a special commission of experts with the participation of scientists from 10 countries, which, based on a study of scientific data, submitted a special report to WHO, “The Consequences of Nuclear War on Public Health and Health Services.” The 38th session of the UN General Assembly, which took place in December 1983, praised the WHO report in a special resolution.

On April 3-6, 1982, the Second International Congress of the World Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War movement took place in Cambridge (Great Britain). Over 200 scientists and doctors from 31 countries took part in its work.

The focus of the congress was to consider the possible medical consequences of nuclear war in Europe. The conclusions of Congress that even the partial use of nuclear weapons (1000 megatons) would lead to the death in the first days of about 170 million people and the defeat of another 150 million (out of 670 million living in Europe), exposed the statements of those who advocated deployment of American nuclear weapons in Europe, trying to downplay the danger of this step for the peoples of European countries. At the congress, appeals were made to the heads of the USA and the USSR, to participants in the second special session of the UN General Assembly on disarmament, to the heads of nuclear powers and an appeal to doctors in Europe. Congress participants demanded that measures be taken to prevent nuclear war and eliminate the consequences of the nuclear arms race. As a first step, they stressed the need for a freeze on nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, and no first use of nuclear weapons.

The Second Congress contributed not only to the spread reliable information about the consequences nuclear conflict, but also strengthened confidence in the movement of various circles of the public, international and national organizations. By the end of 1982 national organizations Councils of doctors actively advocating the prohibition of nuclear weapons have already been created in 43 countries around the world.

The third international congress "Physicians of the World for the Prevention of Nuclear War", held in June 1983 in Amsterdam, was dedicated to the topic " Nuclear illusions- what humanity is paying for." More than 200 delegates from 43 countries took part in its work. At the congress great attention was given long-term consequences nuclear war, in particular the significance of changes in the biosphere for the future of humanity. For the first time, the influence of the nuclear arms race on the psyche of modern man, in particular on the formation of the psyche of children, was actively discussed. Congress has called for amendments to the Hippocratic Oath, which young doctors take when they begin their professional activities. On November 15, 1983, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the following addition to the official text of the “Doctor’s Oath” adopted in the USSR: “Aware of the danger posed by nuclear weapon, I swear to fight tirelessly for peace and to prevent nuclear war." UN Secretary-General

J. Perez de Cuellar, who was presented with the documents of the congress, highly appreciated the contribution of the movement to the fight to prevent nuclear war.

The Amsterdam Congress marked a qualitatively new stage in the history of the doctors' movement: at it it finally took shape as an international public organization with its own charter, reflecting its democratic and highly humane character, as well as governing bodies. The first issues of the newsletter published by the headquarters have been published international organization doctors. An international council began to function, consisting of representatives of all national branches a movement that has drawn thousands of physicians from all over the world into the orbit of its activities.

Created by E.I. Chazov and B. Laun, the international movement “Doctors of the World for the Prevention of Nuclear War” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985, and Evgeniy Ivanovich gave the Nobel lecture.

Many years of fruitful organizational, scientific and clinical work of E.I. Chazova has been awarded many high state awards and prizes. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1978), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1982). He was awarded four Orders of Lenin (1969, 1976, 1978, 1981). Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov was awarded the USSR State Prize three times (1969, 1976, 1991). He is also a laureate of the USSR Council of Ministers Prize. In 1971, he was elected academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and in 1979 - academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now RAS). Since 1974 E.I. Chazov was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, was a candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee (1981-1982), and a member of the CPSU Central Committee (1982-1990).

E.I. Chazov was elected an honorary member of the Academies of Sciences of Hungary, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Columbia Academy of Medical Sciences, the Mexican National Academy of Medicine, and the Polish Academy of Medicine. E.I. Chazov - honorary doctor of the University of Jena (Germany), Charles University (Czech Republic), Queens University (Canada), University of Belgrade (Yugoslavia), University of Krakow (Poland), Odessa medical university(Ukraine), St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy (Russia). Honorary Member American Heart Association, Swedish Scientific Medical Society, International College of Higher Nervous Activity (USA), Council of Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association.

E.I. Chazov was the organizer and president of the IX World Congress of Cardiology (Moscow, 1982) and the I International conference on preventive cardiology (Moscow, 1985), which has become traditional and is carried out regularly every 4 years in different countries. Evgeniy Ivanovich has been the coordinator of cooperation with American cardiologists within the framework of an interstate agreement for thirty years.

E.I. Chazov is a member of the expert advisory council of the World Health Organization. In 1997, he was awarded by the organization the Léon Bernard Foundation Award with a Bronze Medal for outstanding service in the field of community medicine.

Writing books has become a necessity for me. I first put pen to paper in the days when Yu.V. was dying. Andropov. My first journalistic experience was the story “Beautiful Goals” about the experiences of doctors, which was published in the magazine “Znamya”. If we talk about my hobbies, then, in addition to work, of course, first of all, painting. I especially love realists. I personally knew many artists, and among them - Serebryakova, the famous landscape painter Shcherbakov... I am well acquainted with I. Glazunov. I love nature very much, I love the Volga, where I was born... They often write about me that I am an avid hunter. This is not entirely true. I don’t hunt for the sake of killing living things; hunting for me is, first of all, an opportunity to be in nature and relax.

To the question, who am I first of all - a scientist, health care organizer, doctor? Without a moment’s hesitation, I will answer: doctor. No matter what job I was in, I never left my phonendoscope, and the fate of a sick person was and remains the main goal of my activity.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://www.biograph.comstar.ru/

In the seventies, jokes ridiculing the evils of the system and personified in the image of L. Brezhnev were widely distributed. The second problem was the increase in corruption processes. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was a non-confrontational person by nature, therefore criminal prosecution There were practically no unscrupulous civil servants under him. Business leaders...

Endocrinology problems. In 1924 V.D. Shervinsky is elected chairman of the newly organized Endocrinological Society. In 1925 V.D. Shervinsky made a presentation at the Russian Endocrinological Society “Development of endocrinology in Russia,” where he noted the great importance of the nervous system for the clinic of endocrine diseases. A number of interesting works by V.D. Shervinsky wrote in the last period...

The Christian feat of providing assistance to those infected with cholera in St. Petersburg and falling victim to his zeal from it.” We have no information about the transfer of Mudrov’s grave. We hoped to find a burial plan at Samson's Cathedral and restore it. However, during the search, it turned out that the Vyborg cholera cemetery was located quite far from the cathedral (the cathedral had its own cemetery - the first in...

Reading. M., 1995. 68. Simonov N. Military-industrial complex of the USSR in the 20s - 50s. //Free thought. 1996. No. 2. 69. Sidorova L. A. “The Sixties” in the historical science of Russia. // National history. 2001. No. 5. 70. Trukhanovsky V. G. Winston Churchill. Political biography. M., 1977. 71. Timofeev T. Yu. Terror: Stalin’s party purges (1936-1953). // Questions...

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