Unstressed endings of verbs. Spelling verbs and verb forms
M.Yu. OKHLOPKOVA,
International University of Nature,
society and people "Dubna", Dubna, Moscow region.
Spelling verbs and verb forms
Spelling personal verb endings
Notes:
1. Verbs with a prefix You- The conjugation is determined by the prefixless verb:
they get enough sleep - sleep (2nd conjugation)
he will raise a son - he will raise(2nd conjugation)
his son will grow up - growing up(1st conjugation)
2. Remember different conjugated verbs: want, run, honor (honor, honor), dawn (the dawn is dawning, the dawn is dawning).
3. Verbs to -yat belong to the 1st conjugation: baat, bleat, winnow, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt(not to be confused: hide– “hide”), find fault.
4. Verbs recover, become frosty, become disgusted, become moldy in a literary language they change according to the 1st conjugation (you will get better, you will become frosty, you will become disgusted, you will become moldy).
5. There are literary and colloquial forms: torment(liter.) – torment(colloquial); measure(liter.) – measure(colloquially).
Exercises
№ 1 . Determine the verb conjugation: take(1),swerve(1),twist(1),own(1),hear(2),cut(1),hang(2),be able(1),offend(2),want(diversified), whistle(2),rub (1).
№ 2 . Fill in the table with these verbs according to the example: glue, hate, build, shave, grind, hope, sway, melt, twirl, want, conceal.
№ 3 . Write it down, insert the missing letters, indicate the conjugation.
1. Drops in puddles splash more regularly and mutter their psalm. 2. The knight trembles involuntarily: he sees the old battlefield. (A. Pushkin) 3. He laughs - everyone laughs, frowns - everyone is silent. (A. Pushkin) 4. The pale blue sky breathes light and warmth and greets Petropol with an unprecedented September. 5. People will clear the paths, trample, leave footprints, and the snow will fall again and cover everything with almost weightless down pillows.
Spelling verb suffixes
-ova-(-eva-), -yva-(-iva-) |
-i-, -e- in verbs with a prefix obez(s)- |
vowel before -l- |
|
-ova-(eva-) in the form of units hours alternates with -u-, -yu- ; -yva-(-iva-) are saved |
Before -va- the vowel of the root is preserved (do not confuse -va- With -Eve-, (-willow- ) |
In a transitive verb it is written -And- , in intransitive it is written -e- |
Before -l- the vowel of the infinitive is retained |
Conversations ovat b – conversations at yu |
Obv And t - obv And-va-th |
The athlete is exhausted And li (hard training), |
Stuck e l - frozen e t |
Perception yva t - look yva yu |
Zap e t - zap e-va-th |
the athlete is exhausted e l (after the performance) |
I heard A I heard - I heard A there is |
Notes:
1. When selecting the form of the 1st person, units. h. to check the spelling of verbs with suffixes -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva-
It is necessary to take into account the type of verb.
dispel(nonsov. v.) – dispelling(nonsov. v.) (wrong I'll dispel, because verb owl Here dispel).
Scout(nonsov. v.) – I'm scouting(nonsov. v.) (wrong I'll scout out, because verb owl Here reconnoiter).
2. Pay attention to the spelling of verbs with roots -ved-
:
confess - I confess; preach - I preach; manage - I'm in charge; taste - taste; visit - visit; find out - find out.
3. Remember the spelling of verbs: stuck e wat(Although stuck I t); eclipse e wat(Although eclipse And t); once e wat(Although once And no); extended e wat(Although extended And t); molested e wat(Although molested And t);intention e get involved(no pair of owl species).
4. Differentiate between verbs admonition e wat- “to persuade, advise” and admonishing And wat- “to conscience, to shame.”
5. Differentiate between verbs potch e wat- “treat” and almost And wat- "sleep".
Exercises
№ 1 . Put the verbs into the imperative and indicative moods: repeat, wait, drive out, shake out, crawl out, say, see.
№ 2
Flag re_t. Burevestnik re_l. Didn't see anyone. Can't see anything. Success depends on effort. Dependent on parents. The cloud has cleared. The box doesn't stick well. The conversation didn't go well. Everything is disgusting.
№ 3 . Write by inserting the missing letters.
Advise to rest, study the map, not limit yourself to persuasion, preach mercy, darken the sun; the mountain was deforested, the singer was deprived of her voice, the peasants were deprived of land, the village was depopulated.
Formation and spelling of participles
Active participles |
Passive participles |
|
Present tense (from ness. v.) |
||
Past tense (from owl species and non-owl species) |
When forming passive past participles, it is important to choose the correct form of the infinitive (only owl form) and take into account the lexical meaning of the word (see table).
Infinitive, owl.view |
Communion |
Context check |
hang up |
curtained window |
Window curtains And whether |
hang up |
Walls hung with bunches of herbs |
The walls are curtained A whether |
Exercises
№ 1 . From these verbs form all possible forms of participles: love, lie, make up, laugh, create, dress, glue.
№ 2 . Indicate verbs from which passive past participles cannot be formed: buy, announce, be surprised, build, open, insist: 1) on something, 2) liqueur.
Answer : these are verbs build up, be surprised, insist 1.
№ 3 . Among the forms on -my indicate participles: dependent, audible, combustible, readable, tireless, discernible, surmountable.
Note. Participles on -my These are present passive participles. They are formed from transitive imperfective verbs. Therefore, forms formed from intransitive verbs or from perfective verbs will not be participles.
Answer: audible, readable.
TRAINING TESTS
Test No. 1
Indicate the numbers of words that are written with the letter y(y) .
1. they mumble
2. they are trembling
3. they see_t
4. they are swearing
5. they get enough sleep
6. they hope
7. they cherish_t
8. they are brezh_t
9. snow ta_t
10. the grass is swaying
11. they seem to be
12. dogs la_t
13. sheep ble_t
14. they are fighting
Test No. 2
a mistake was made .
1. he pecks
2. he shaves
3. it will melt
4. he is unsteady
5. he drives
6. he grinds
7. he lays
8. he cherishes
9. he sways
10. it rumbles
11. he shines
12. he is spinning
13. he will hear
14. he hopes
Test No. 3
Indicate the numbers of words in which a mistake was made .
1. preach
2. to manage
3. renew
4. outshine
5. admonish
6. posted
7. recovered
8. built on
9. open
10. treat
Test No. 4
Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which the letter is missing And .
1. When you see him, give him this letter.
2. If you don't take out the trash, you will be punished.
3. He didn’t see anyone.
4. The conversation is not going well.
5. If you hold the pen tightly, your hand gets tired quickly.
6. He will raise a son.
7. You will get better soon.
8. Clouds obscure the sun.
9. He won't last long.
10. The hike left the tourists exhausted.
Indicate the numbers of words in which mistakes were made.
1. they are dreaming
2. they are toiling
3. they are holding
4. they are driving
5. they cherish
6. they lay
7. they peck
8. they are bubbling
9. they mumble
10. they sway
11. they bark
12. they hope
13. they bleat
14. they are amusing themselves
Indicate the numbers of phrases and sentences in which mistakes were made .
1. They hope not to make a mistake.
2. The guys covered the book.
3. He was advised to undergo treatment.
4. Explore the secrets of the earth.
5. No one hoped for success anymore.
6. The horses are barely dragging along.
7. The tournament weakened the athlete.
8. Dawn is just breaking.
9. If you say too much, you will regret it.
10. Constantly spinning.
11. The grass sways in the wind.
12. They toil for a long time.
13. Treat yourself sweetly.
14. Encourage a friend.
15. The waters are bubbling.
16. They mutter.
17. Were not dependent on our parents.
18. Extend the holidays.
19. Something seems ahead.
20. If you see him, tell him.
Test No. 1
Write down the missing participles (if participles cannot be formed, put a dash).
Infinitive |
Valid prib. |
Sufferer. prib. |
||
Present tense |
Past tense |
Present tense |
Past tense |
|
decided |
||||
decisive |
deciding |
|||
glued |
||||
4. hope |
hoping |
Test No. 2
From the given participles, choose the passive past participle. Please provide numbers.
1. discarded
2. studied
3. offending
4. persecuted
5. adhesive
6. melted
7. infused
8. swept
Test No. 3
Indicate the numbers of words in which letters are missing A or I .
1. wobbly
2. adhesive
3. struggling
4. raving
5. racing
6. chalk_shchy
7. breathable
8. trembling
9. hopeful
10. shaking
11. laying
12. thinking
13. penitent
14. jumping
Test No. 4
e .
1. rope hanging from the roof
2. ball dropped in the mud
3. targeted beast
4. mixed ingredients
5. ships are hung with flags
6. hung by the seller
7. shotgun
8. clothes hanging in the closet
9. hinged door
10. hanging grain
11. arrow sparrow
12. a barrel pumped out of a barn
13. involved in a crime
14. the walls are hung with paintings
15. dumped garbage
16. mixed solution
17. infused with herbs
18. promised help
19. Shepherds of glory
20. overheard conversation
Test No. 5
Indicate the numbers of phrases in which a letter is missing a(i) .
1. glue stick
2. shuffled cards
3. glued notebook
4. melted snow
5. melting snow
6. kneaded dough
7. posted goods
Test No. 6
What part of speech are the highlighted words? Choose the correct answer:
A) participle, B) adjective, C) noun.
1. part mourners
2. think about past
3. closed syllable
4. devastated Human
5. devastated
city
6. orbital poplar
7. faded bush
8. room for waiting
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE TESTS
Spelling verb endings and suffixes
Test No. 1: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.
Test No. 2: 1, 5, 7 (from grind), 12, 13.
Test No. 3: 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 13, 17.
Test No. 4: 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.
Test No. 5: 3, 4, 7, 14.
Test No. 6: 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 17, 18.
Spelling participles
Test No. 1: 1. solved; 2. solvable; 3. adhesive; 4. hopeful.
Note: present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs, and passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.
Test No. 2: 1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15.
Test No. 3: 2, 5, 12.
Test No. 4: 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16.
Test No. 5: 2, 4, 10, 14. (In No. 7, two spellings are possible: hung goods, i.e. the one that was hung was divided by weight; hung goods, that is, the one that was hung, placed in some space.)
Test No. 6: A: 5, 6, 7; B: 3, 4; B: 1, 2, 8.
Literature
1. Russian language: Textbook for in-depth study in high school / Bagryantseva V.A. and others. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2000. pp. 58–84.
2. Valgina N.S., Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language. Spelling and punctuation. Rules and exercises. M.: Neolit, 2000. pp. 107–122.
3. Tsarenkova T.A. Collection of tests on the Russian language. Dubna: Int. University of Nature, Society and Man “Dubna”, 2002.
4. Steinberg L.Ya. 1000 questions and answers. Russian language: A textbook for applicants to universities. M.: Book House "University", 1999. pp. 57–70.
Determining the conjugation of a verb with a stressed ending
Verbs of the present and future tenses are conjugated, i.e. change in persons and numbers, while their personal endings change.
There are types I and II of verb conjugation.
If the ending of a verb is stressed, then the conjugation is determined by its personal ending. Verbs of I conjugation have the endings: -у(-у), -ез(-еь), -ete(-еte), -ем(-ьом), -ут(-ут); II conjugation verbs have endings: -у(-у), -ish, -im, -it, -ite, -at(-yat).
For example:
The personal ending of this verb is -yat, which is stressed.
Therefore, it is a verb of II conjugation.
The personal ending of the verb -yot is under stress.
This means that this is a verb of the I conjugation.
§2. Determining the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed ending
But what if the personal ending of the verb is unstressed?
The conjugation of a verb with an unstressed personal ending can be determined in two ways.
Let's look at the first method.
If the ending of the verb is unstressed, the verb must be put in the indefinite form and the indefinite suffix -т- must be highlighted. Then we highlight the vowel before -т-, which is also a verbal suffix.
For example:
(what to do?) engage (suffixes -a-, -t-);
(what to do?) love (suffixes -i-, -t);
(what to do?) straighten (suffixes -i-, -t-).
If a verb in the indefinite form has the suffix -i- before -t-, then this verb belongs to the II conjugation.
In other cases (when in the indefinite form the verbs have the suffixes -а-, -е-, -я-, о-, -у-, -ы-, etc. before -т-) the verbs belong to the I conjugation.
For example: let’s determine the conjugation of the verb “pleases”.
Let's put the emphasis - pleases.
The stress falls on the vowel and at the root of the word.
The ending of the verb is unstressed.
Let’s put the verb “pleases” in the indefinite form: (what to do?) to please.
Let us highlight the suffix of the verb of the indefinite form -т- and the suffix before it -a-.
The suffix -a- indicates that the verb “pleases” belongs to the I conjugation.
There is another way to determine the conjugation of verbs with unstressed personal endings.
To do this, you need to put the verb in the 3-liter form. pl. h.
If a verb in this form has the endings -ut(-yut), therefore, it is a verb of the I conjugation. If the verb is in the 3 l form. plural has the ending -at(-yat) - this is a verb of II conjugation.
For example: let’s determine the conjugation of a verb with an unstressed ending “swimming”.
Let's put the verb into the 3-liter form. plural - they (what are they doing?) are swimming. The verb float ends in -yut. Therefore, the verb swim is of the first conjugation. Build the verb in 3 liters. plural will have the ending -yat (what are they doing?) are building. Therefore, the verb build is a verb of II conjugation.
In the Russian language there are a number of verbs whose belonging to one or another conjugation must simply be remembered. The I conjugation includes verbs: shave, lay, the II conjugation: drive, breathe, hold, hear, twirl, look, see, hate, depend, offend, endure.
Particular attention should be paid to verbs with the prefix you-: pronounce, run out, cut your hair, etc. This prefix on verbs “pulls” the stress onto itself and the ending becomes unstressed.
To determine the conjugation of such verbs, it is necessary to discard the prefix and consider the verb without it.
For example:
pronounce - speak (verb II conjugation), run out - run (verb I conjugation).
In the Russian language there are also heteroconjugated verbs: in some forms they have personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation, and in others - of the second conjugation.
For example:
verb “to want” in singular has the endings of verbs of the first conjugation - I want, you want, he wants, in the plural. - we want, you want, they want - has verbs of II conjugation.
CONCLUSION
When the personal ending of a verb is stressed, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its ending.
In the case where the personal ending of the verb is unstressed, the conjugation of the verb is determined by the suffix before -т in the infinitive form of the verb.
For exception verbs, the conjugation is determined immediately.
SOURCES
http://znaika.ru/catalog/4-klass/russian/Kak-opredelit-spryazhenie-glagola,-esli-okonchanie-bezudarnoe
The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of verb endings in unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a concept as conjugation.
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is a linguistic term for changing the person and number of a verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that a word acquires when changing person and number. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in the Russian language. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed it will acquire inflections:
- U/YU, EAT, ET in the singular and EAT, ETE, UT/YUT in the plural.
- U/YU, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, IT, AT/YAT in the plural.
Let's conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word - live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a first conjugation verb.
Prefix you- and verb conjugation
Verbs that have a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix You-, which has the property of “pulling off” the emphasis. For example, to determine the conjugation of a word will fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get a verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which refers to the second conjugation.
Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate that they belong to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the accent is not the ending, but the stem of the word? Indeed, in this case, the desired letter is not heard clearly, it is in a weak position, and a mistake can be made. A rule comes to the rescue.
How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?
To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language a verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called an infinitive and you can ask questions to it what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect view). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed endings of verbs can be written correctly only if their conjugation is determined.
The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.
The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letters except -it. These could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.
For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the stem of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends with - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the corresponding endings.
You're sawing. Let's form the initial form - saw. At the end of the word - it, therefore, it is a second conjugation verb, and the set of personal endings will be appropriate.
So, in order to correctly write vowels at the endings of verbs in an unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. It seems simple. But if in the Russian language there weren’t a dozen exceptions for every rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn. And the simple rule about conjugation also has insidious exception words.
Exception verbs
Exceptions are those words that do not follow the general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that must be remembered in order to avoid spelling errors.
There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in persons and numbers, take on the endings of verbs of 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirlsee. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I tolerate, we tolerate, you tolerate, you tolerate, he tolerates, they tolerate.
4 verbs in - at, which are also not conjugated in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.
And finally, 3 verbs starting with - it - lay,shave And rest on- have personal endings for verbs of 1st conjugation: I am laying, we are laying, you are laying, you are laying, he is laying, they are laying.
The endings of these 14 verbs need to be known by heart, because they do not follow the general rule.
Variably conjugated verbs
It is noteworthy that in the Russian language there are 2 interesting verbs, which are called heteroconjugated, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no errors in their spelling. But they still need to be remembered. These are verbs want And run. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.
Want: I want, we want, you want, you want, he wants, they want(in the singular the verb changes according to type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to type 2). Run: I'm running, we're running, you're running, you're running, he's running, they're running(in the 3rd person plural form the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).
Algorithm for choosing verb endings
So, the spelling of verb endings follows a fairly simple and logical rule; it is important to simply understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you need to be able to determine their conjugation. To do this, you should use a clear algorithm.
1. See where the emphasis falls: on the ending or on the stem of the word (don’t forget about the insidious prefix You: if it exists, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by an unprefixed synonym).
2. If the emphasis falls on the personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.
3. If the base is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.
- The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. Here we also include 7 verbs ending in - there, and 4 verbs -at.
- A verb in its initial form ends in any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means it is conjugated according to the type of first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.
4. Verbs want And run- differently conjugated, they cannot be attributed to either the first or the second conjugation, and this feature just needs to be remembered.
Let's sum it up
Spelling verb endings requires knowledge of the rules and the application of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and depending on this, write the desired letter in the unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions that do not want to obey the general rules, but paying attention to the word and applying a simple rule will help you avoid many mistakes!
Vowels in verb endings
§ 74. The writing of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stress. Applying this rule requires the ability to determine which conjugation the verb belongs to.
In the present-future forms of verbs I and II conjugations in all endings, except for the 1st person singular. h., the vowels are different. In the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular. h., 1st and 2nd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation is written with a letter e (no accent - e ), in the same forms of verbs of II conjugation the letter is written And ; in the form of 3rd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation - letters at (yu ), verbs of II conjugation - A (I ). Wed, for example: carries, pecks, reads And screams, burns, asks; carry, peck, read And we scream, we burn, we ask; carry, peck, read And screaming, burning, begging.
Assigning a verb to I or II conjugation and writing the correct vowel at the end causes difficulties in such cases as sawing And you inject, drive And dries, shrinks And walks, plows And breathes, let's put it down And let's lie down and rinse And dragging, crying And heal, sow And builds. In such pairs of forms, the unstressed endings are pronounced the same way (as in the above pairs) or they can be mixed (in some forms of the 3rd person plural: cf. prick And sawing, plowing And breathe, rinse And drag, sow And are building).
The type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings is determined by the infinitive form (indefinite form of the verb). If in these verbs before the infinitive suffix -th- vowel And , then the verb belongs to the II conjugation, for example: cut, carry, put, treat. Verbs with infinitive not on -it belong to the I conjugation, for example: prick, plow, cry, doze, walk, regret, sow, touch, dry, lie down, climb, sit down. Therefore, for example, you should write: wears, let's say, treats, But plows, cries, walks, regrets, touches, climbs, dozes.
Exceptions:
1) eleven verbs not in -it(with vowels e and A before - t), related to the II conjugation: twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, drive, hold, breathe And hear;
2) three verbs -it related to the I conjugation: shave, build up And be ruffled. You should write: twirl, depend, hear, But shaving, being built, swaying etc.
Choosing a letter before an infinitive suffix -th in place of an unstressed vowel (as, for example, in the verbs iron, multiply, build, sway, see, depend, offend, hear, sow) is determined by a special rule, see.
Everything that has been said applies to verbs with prefixes and with a final element (postfix) -xia (-s), which have endings of the same type of conjugation as the corresponding verbs without a prefix and without -xia (-s), e.g.: will drink(cf. drinks), let's choose (let's take), let's get some sleep (we sleep), will paint (paint), cut it (you cut), will suffer (suffers), are injected (prick).
Note 1: When conjugating a verb lay(and all verbs derived from it) use the same forms as the verb I conjugation lay: lay, lay, lay, lay, lay, lay.
Note 2. Verb want(and all verbs derived from it) has in singular. including unstressed endings of the first conjugation ( want, wants), although in plural. h. under stress - endings of the second conjugation ( want, want, want).
Note 3. Verbs of I conjugation sprinkle, rattle And pluck(and all verbs derived from them), along with forms like scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, pinch, pinch, pinch, have colloquial variant forms like pouring, pouring, trembling, trembling, pinching, pinching, and the forms of the 3rd person plural included in this series. h. are transmitted in writing with the ending of the II conjugation: scatter, tremble, pinch.
Note 4. In suffixes of active present participles -ush- (-yush-) And -asch- (-box-) the same vowel is written as in the endings of the 3rd person plural. including corresponding verbs (see). For writing vowels in other participial forms, see and.
§ 75. Final vowel (always unstressed) at the end of the 2nd person plural. h is conveyed in writing by the letter e (in verbs of both types of conjugation), e.g.: write, draw, walk, look. Letter e plural forms also end. part of the imperative mood, for example: go, write, draw, look, let's go.
Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the writing of 2nd person plural forms. hours and plural forms including the imperative mood (verbs of the first conjugation) in such cases as, for example, you write, you shout(2nd person plural) and you write, shout(plural led, inclined).
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2014. - 432 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).
Teacher's comments on the material being studied
Possible difficulties | Good advice |
It's hard to remember all the exceptions to the rule. | Referring to reference materials, fill in the blanks in list #1. |
Sometimes the type of conjugation is difficult to determine because the unstressed suffix of an indefinite form sounds unclear. You kle...sh (kle...t, what conjugation?). You s...sh (s...th, what conjugation?). | Such suffixes should be memorized (see reference materials: “Spelling verb suffixes”). You glue (glue, 2nd conjugation). You sow (sow, 1 conjugation). |
What to do if it seems that two indefinite forms can be selected for the verb being tested? Force...sh (force, 2 questions or force, 1 question) Drive...sh (drive, 2 spr. or drive, 1 spr.) | Determine the type of verb being tested. This is a permanent feature, so the indefinite form must retain the same appearance as in the personal form. Ask the right question to the infinitive: You'll force(sov.v.) - force(sov.v.), and not force(nesov.v.). If the verbs are of the same type, pay attention to the difference in their meanings and their verb suffixes. You drive (derived from the verb to drive). Gon-ya-eat (derived from the verb gon-ya-t). |
Are verbs formed from exception words using prefixes or the suffix –sya considered exceptions? They are a run...i.e. They shave. | Verbs like hear, lay, etc., formed with the help of prefixes from verbs - exceptions, belong to the same type of conjugation as the exceptions themselves. They will drive away (to drive away, as in drive away, is a verb of 2 conjugations). They lay (to lay, as in lay - verb 1 conjugation). Verbs like shave, hold on, etc., formed with the help of the suffix -sya from verbs that are exceptions, belong to the same type of conjugation as the exceptions themselves. They are chasing (chasing, as in driving, is a verb of 2 conjugations). They SHAVE (to shave, as in shave, is the 1st conjugation verb). |
Why do some verbs ending in –аt have a second conjugation? Scream - scream. To remain silent is to remain silent. | Such verbs belong to the 2nd conjugation. The fact is that they have stressed endings, so the rule “Spelling unstressed personal verb endings” should not be applied to them. |
You can make a mistake in writing the endings of verbs with the prefix You-, For example: run out... run out, run out... run out. | Prefix You- has the property of “pulling” the stress from the ending to itself. But with the addition of a prefix to the stem of the verb, the conjugation does not change, so the unstressed ending in a verb with a prefix is the same as in the single-root verb without a prefix from which it is derived. |
List No. 1
Exception verb | Form 2 l. units h. (what are you doing?) | Form 3 l. pl. h. (what are they doing?) |
You're lying | They shave |
|
Depend | ||
Hate | ||
Look |
Spelling of participle suffixes.
Possible difficulties | Good advice |
Without the ability to determine the conjugation of a verb, it is easy to make mistakes in the suffixes of present participles. Bark (? conjugation) - la...shiy. To lay (? conjugation) - to lay…. | Return to the topic “Spelling unstressed personal endings of a verb”, look again at the reference materials and in the “Good advice” section. Pay special attention to exception verbs. |
Notice the word movable. | The word movable has the suffix -im-, since it is formed from the obsolete verb to move. |
Without remembering unstressed verbal suffixes, it is easy to make mistakes when writing passive participles. Zate...t - zate...ny. | Refer to the topic “Spelling verb suffixes”, look at the reference materials. |
Sometimes it seems that for the same participle you can select two verbs from which it is formed at once. Noticeable (from noticing or from noticing?). Loaded (from loading or from loading?). | Passive past participles are usually formed from perfective verbs. Choose from two candidate verbs the one that answers the question what to do? (i.e. perfective verb). Noticed (from notice - Sov.v.). Loaded (from load - sov.v.). Remember also: kneaded dough (knead the dough); implicated in a crime (to be involved in a crime); rolled out barrel (roll out); pumped out water (pump out). |
Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings
The choice of an unstressed vowel in the personal ending of a verb depends on the type of its conjugation.
We are c..m; you hear...you; they are fighting...
To find out the spelling of the ending of a verb, follow these steps:
1) put the verb in the indefinite form ( what to do / what to do?);
2) determine the type of conjugation from the table;
3) substitute the test word (the stressed ending of the test word will prompt the desired vowel).
We glue ... m (glue, II conjugation, we say) - glue
You hear...sh (hear, II conjugation, you speak) - hear
They fight ... fight (fight, I conjugation, they take) - fight
Pay attention! Sometimes the type of conjugation is difficult to determine because the unstressed suffix of an indefinite form sounds unclear ( glue, quarrel, sow, melt, winnow, soar, hope, start etc.). Such suffixes should be remembered, see: Spelling of verb suffixes. When putting a verb in an indefinite form, determine its type. This is a constant feature, so it should not change in the infinitive. You will force (Soviet v.) - force (Soviet v.), and not force (non-sov. v.). Verbs like hear, lay, etc., formed with the help of prefixes from verbs - exceptions, belong to the same type of conjugation as the exceptions themselves. They WILL drive away(to drive away, as well as to drive away, is a verb of the II conjugation). They are making(to lay, as well as to lay, is a verb of the first conjugation). Verbs like shave, hold on, etc., formed with the help of the suffix -СЯ from verbs - exceptions, belong to the same type of conjugation as the exceptions themselves. They're racing(to chase, as well as to drive, is a verb of II conjugation). They SHAVE(to shave, like to shave, is a verb of the first conjugation). |
suffixes of participles
Spelling suffixes of active present participles
Dormant nature; believing in oneself; creeping bush.
Dormant nature - formed from dozing, I sp.
Believing in oneself - derived from believe, II reference.
Creeping shrub - derived from spread, I spr.
Spelling suffixes of present passive participles
Inaudible..my; open..my; drawing..my.
Inaudible - derived from hear, II reference.
Openable - derived from open, I sp.
Drawable - derived from draw, I sp.
Spelling of vowels before the suffix -ВШ- in active past participles
Has grown.. gone; believed; settled...
Melted - melt.
Believers - believe.
He who sows, sows.
Spelling of a vowel before Н/НН in suffixes of passive past participles