Belkin Rossinskaya criminology. Belkin Rafail Samuilovich
M.: NORM - INFRA-M, 2000. - 990 s.
The textbook, written by famous Russian scientists, reflects current state and prospects for the development of domestic criminology. This is currently the most complete presentation of all sections of criminology, meeting the requirements of the state standard of higher legal education. Along with the presentation of traditional course topics, taking into account the achievements of related areas of scientific knowledge, a number of chapters are devoted to new methods and means of collecting and studying evidence, methods of investigating new crimes provided for by the Criminal Code Russian Federation.
For undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of law universities and faculties, cadets and students of higher educational institutions law enforcement agencies, practical law enforcement workers.
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CONTENT
Section I HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY OF FORENSICS
Chapter 1. History of criminology and forensic institutions
§ 1. Consolidation of forensic knowledge.....................................14
§ 2. Forensics in the period between the world wars.................................................... ....…19
§ 3. The stage of formation of private forensic theories in domestic science..................................29
§ 4. Modern stage development of criminology (stage of formation of the general theory of science)..........45
§ 5. Expert and scientific forensic institutions.................................................... ..47
Chapter 2. Subject, objects and system of forensics
§ 1. Subject and objects of criminology....................................................……….49
§ 2. System of forensics.................................................... ........…………59
§ 3. Forensic categories................................................… ………62
§ 4. Forensic classifications............................................…….. 66
Chapter 3. Objectives, principles and laws of development of criminology
§ 1. General, special and specific tasks of criminology....................................…..70
§ 2. Principles of criminology.................................................... ..……………..71
§ 3. Laws of development of criminology....................................................……………72
Chapter 4. Forensic methods
§ 1. General method of forensic science.....................................81
§ 2. General scientific methods criminology........................................…….82
§ 3. Special methods criminology................................................85
Chapter 5. The nature of criminology, its place in the system of scientific knowledge and development trends
§ 1. Modern representations about the nature of criminology................................................... ........................89
§ 2. The place of criminology in the system of scientific knowledge.................................................... ........................................................ ..91
§ 3. Modern tendencies development of criminology................................................................ ...........................94
Chapter 6. Content and structure of the general theory of criminology.................................................... ...........................98
Chapter 7. Forensic identification
§ 1. Concept and scientific foundations of forensic identification.................................................. ......……104
§ 2. Forensic doctrine of signs.........................………..115
§ 3. Stages of forensic identification.................................................... ...........................................121
§ 4. The importance of forensic identification and distinction for the investigation and detection of crimes.....123
Chapter 8. Forensic diagnostics
§ 1. Concept and tasks of forensic diagnostics...........………127
§ 2. Theoretical basis forensic diagnostics................................................................... ..………130
§ 3. Expert diagnostic tasks................................................…….. 136
§ 4. Diagnostics in the work of an investigator.................................................... .……..138
Chapter 9. Theories of forensic forecasting and temporal connections and relationships
§ 1. Contents of the theory of forensic forecasting.................................................... ...........................………………143
§ 2. Forensic theory temporary connections and relationships......................................................... ........................………………150
Literature................................................. ...........................………………152
Section II
FORENSIC ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 10. Conceptual provisions forensic technology and technology
§ 1. Concept, system and legal basis for the use of forensic technology......………………154
§ 2. Technical and forensic tools and methods used in collecting material evidence…………….158
§ 3. Methods and means of preliminary and expert examination of material evidence........................................................162
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of forensic teaching on recording evidentiary information § 1. The concept of recording evidentiary information...172
§ 2. general characteristics forms, methods and means of recording evidentiary information................................……………174
§ 3. Verbal and graphic form recording evidentiary information.........................................………………..176
§ 4. Subject-based and visual-figurative forms of recording evidentiary information........................................................................179
Chapter 12. Forensic photography
§ 1. The concept of forensic photography, its significance in investigative and expert practice....................................184
§ 2. Methods of forensic investigative photography...................................…….186
§ 3. Private photography techniques...................................................196
§ 4. Types of photography and features of photographing forensic objects.................................................. .............………199
§ 5. Forensic photography......................................................................202
§ 6. Procedural design of the use of forensic photography.................................................... .............…..211
Chapter 13. Forensic video recording
§ 1. Video recording as a means of recording forensically significant information...........................................................213
§ 2. Modern video equipment used in investigative practice.....................................................................................214
§ 3. Use of video recordings in investigative actions.................................................... ........................................217
§ 4. Video recording as a document or material evidence.................................................... ……………226
Chapter 14. The doctrine of traces (traceology)
§ 1. General provisions traceology. Classification of traces, their forensic significance......…………228
§ 2. Human traces (anthroposcopy) .................................................... .....…….234
§ 3. Traces of burglary tools, tools.....................................… …..249
§ 4. Traces of production mechanisms.................................................... ...253
§ 5. Traces-objects.................................................... ........................................254
§ 6. Establishing the whole in parts.................................................... .........…257
§ 7. Vehicle traces.................................................. ...................259
§ 8. Microobjects.................................................... ...............................…….266
Chapter 15. Forensic research weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices and traces of their use
§ 1. The concept of forensic ballistics and its importance for the investigation of crimes.................................................... ....……………270
§ 2. Forensic study of firearms....................................................... …271
§ 3. Forensic examination of cartridges.....................................277
§ 4. Forensic examination of traces of a shot........................290
§ 5. Explosive devices and traces of their use.................................................. 297
§ 6. Forensic research of edged weapons and traces of their use.................................299
Chapter 16. Forensic handwriting and forensic authoring
§ 1. General Provisions............................................. ...........................…304
§ 2. Forensic handwriting.................................................... ....................307
§ 3. Preparation of handwriting examination..................................................314
§ 4. Methodology of forensic handwriting examination...................................315
§ 5. Forensic author studies.................................................... ...........................319
Chapter 17. Technical and forensic examination of documents
§ 1. The concept and tasks of technical and forensic research of documents.................................324
§ 2. Study of document forms.................................................. ..…..325
§ 3. Study of typewritten texts...................................................... 328
§ 4. Study of seals and stamps....................................................330
§ 5. Study of partially amended documents…………………..332
§ 6. Establishing hidden information.................................................... .......336
Chapter 18. Forensic examination of substances and materials
§ 1. The concept of forensic research of substances and materials and its tasks.................................................... .....…………338
§ 2. Detection, recording and seizure of substances and materials during investigative actions.........……….341
§ 3. Possibilities of expert and preliminary research of the most common substances and materials - physical evidence..344
Chapter 19. Forensic study of external signs of a person (habitoscopy)
§ 1. General provisions of forensic identification of a person based on appearance....................................................360
§ 2. Methodology for describing the signs of a person’s appearance (method verbal portrait)
......................................…………362
§ 3. Methods and means of collecting information about external signs person........................................................ ......………366
§ 4. Forensic portrait examination.................................…………380
Chapter 20. Forensic phonoscopy
§ 1. The concept of forensic phonoscopy..................................................383
§ 2. Features of inspection magnetic media with recordings and preparation of materials for phonoscopic examination...........…384
Chapter 21. Forensic registration
§ 1. Concept, content and legal basis criminal registration................................................................ .………388
§ 2. Operational and reference records, their organization and use in solving and investigating crimes...................393
§ 3. Forensic records.................................................... ..…………...400
§ 4. Reference and auxiliary records.................................................... .....…404
Chapter 22. Unconventional means of obtaining information relevant for the investigation of crimes…………..407
Chapter 23. Use special knowledge in the activities of investigative and inquiry bodies................................…………...419
Chapter 24. Expert activity and modern capabilities forensic examinations.
General theory forensic examination, its conceptual foundations and key concepts
§ 1. Conducting an examination during the preliminary investigation.................................................... ..........………..434
§ 2. Possibilities of forensic examinations in solving and investigating crimes.................................................... ....................……436
§ 3. General theory of forensic examination, its conceptual foundations.................................................... .............………….450
Chapter 25. Main directions of using modern computer technologies in solving and investigating crimes
§ 1. The use of universal software in the detection and investigation of crimes.................................................465
§ 2. Automation of accounting.................................................... ........................466
§ 3. Automation of examinations and research....................................................467
§ 4. Automation of the crime investigation process..................................................................................................... ………………..469
Literature................................................. ...............................................471
Section III FORENSIC TACTICS AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 26. Conceptual provisions of forensic tactics and technology
§ 1. Basic concepts of forensic tactics..................................474
§ 2. Forensic tactics in the system of scientific knowledge.........480
§ 3. Forensic tactics and practice of fighting crime............................................................... …..486
§ 4. Tactics of procedural action.................................................... ......491
Chapter 27. Forensic leads and investigation planning
§ 1. Forensic versions.................................................. ...............496
§ 2. Planning the investigation.................................................... ................499
Chapter 28. Investigative activities of the investigator
§ 1. Concept and types of search.................................................... ...........................506
§ 2. Organization and implementation of the search....................................…….510
Chapter 29. Interaction of participants in the detection and investigation of crimes
§ 1. Concept, principles and subjects of interaction.........……………515
§ 2. Forms of interaction.................................................... ...........................519
Chapter 30. Investigative situation and tactical combinations
§ 1. Concept, content and types of investigative situations...........……..525
§ 2. Activities of an investigator in conditions of tactical risk....................................................…… ……….528
§ 3. Tactical combinations (operations) ...........................................……………..531
Chapter 31. The factor of surprise, its consideration and use in the investigation process
§ 1. The factor of surprise, its meaning and forms of use in the investigation...........................539
§ 2. Investigator’s tactics using the factor of surprise....................................……………...543
§ 3. Taking into account the influence of the factor of surprise on the activities of the investigator.................................................... ...............………552
§ 4. The influence of the surprise factor on the completeness and reliability of evidentiary information.................................…………..554
Chapter 32. Tactical decision
§ 1. The concept of a tactical decision...................................…………558
§ 2. Preparation for making a tactical decision....................................…..561
§ 3. Making a tactical decision...............................................… ….564
§ 4. Some special questions making tactical decisions........................................................ ……568
Chapter 33. Tactics and technology of investigative examination and examination
§ 1. Essence and types of investigative examination....................................................575
§ 2. Inspection of the scene.................................................... ....………...580
§ 3. External examination of the corpse at the place of its discovery..........………...592
§ 4. Other types of investigative examination............................................................ .....594
§ 5. Inspection.................................................... ...........................…596
Chapter 34. Tactics and technology of search and seizure
§ 1. Essence, objectives and procedure for conducting a search.................................……598
§ 2. Preparation for a search....................................;....... ...........................605
§ 3. General provisions of search tactics................................................…………..610
§ 4. Search technology.................................................... ........................……614
§ 5. Production of excavation.................................................... ...............………..622
Chapter 35. Interrogation tactics
§ 1. Concept, meaning and types of interrogation............................................…………….624
§ 2. Preparation for interrogation.................................................... ....................…….626
§ 3. General provisions of the tactics of interrogation of witnesses and victims...................................……………… .630
§ 4. General provisions of tactics for interrogating suspects and accused.................................................... ..........…………..634
§ 5. Features of interrogation tactics when exposing a lie.........…….638
§ 6. Features of the tactics of interrogation of minors.................……645
§ 7. Tactics of other types of interrogation.................................................... ...................647
§ 8. Recording the progress and results of the interrogation.................................................... ….650
Chapter 36. Tactics for checking and clarifying evidence on the spot
§ 1. The concept of checking and clarifying evidence on the spot..................................652
§ 2. Preparation for checking and clarifying evidence on site..........…..655
§ 3. Tactical techniques for checking and clarifying evidence on the spot.................................................... ...................................………..655
§ 4. Recording the process and results of verification and clarification of evidence on site.................................................... ...........................657
Chapter 37. Tactics investigative experiment
§ 1. The concept and essence of an investigative experiment.....................................659
§ 2. Types of investigative experiments.................................................... .......661
§ 3. Participants in the investigative experiment...................................……663
§ 4. Preparation for conducting an investigative experiment..............664
§ 5. Tactics of conducting an investigative experiment................................................666
§ 6. Recording the progress and results of the investigative experiment.................670
§ 7. Evaluation of the results of the investigative experiment.....................................672
Chapter 38. Tactics of presentation for identification
§ 1. Essence, objectives and procedure for presentation for identification.................................................... ...........................………………………674
§ 2. Types of presentation for identification.................................................... .……..676
§ 3. Subjects to be presented for identification......................................................................679
§ 4. Tactics of presentation for identification of living persons..................................680
§ 5. Tactics of presentation for identification of corpses....................................……….683
§ 6. Tactics of presentation for identification of objects................................……685
§ 7. Tactics of identification from photographs.................................................... ........................………………687
§ 8. Tactics of presentation for identification of animals……………688
§ 9. Procedural registration of the results of presentation for identification.................................................... ....………………689
Chapter 39. Tactics of detention and arrest
§ 1. Legal grounds for detention and arrest................................................................691
§ 2. Preparation for detention and arrest....................................................… …...692
§ 3. Tactical methods of detention.................................................... .......….693
Chapter 40. Technology for obtaining samples for comparative research
§ 1. Concept and types of samples for comparative research....................................………… …….695
§ 2. Technology for obtaining samples for comparative research.................................................... ....…………697
Chapter 41. Technology for listening and recording telephone conversations
§ 1. The essence and procedure for listening and recording conversations.................................................... ...........................………….701
§ 2. Technology of listening and recording conversations.........……………703
Literature................................................. ...............……………………704
Section IV FORENSIC TECHNIQUES
Chapter 42. Conceptual provisions forensic methodology
§ 1. The concept of forensic methodology..................................................706
§ 2. Principles and starting points formation of private forensic techniques.....…….709
§ 3. Structure and content of private forensic techniques..................................................… ……………713
Chapter 43. Counteraction to the investigation and ways to overcome it using forensic and operational investigative means and methods
§ 1. Concept, content and subjects of counteraction to the investigation.................................................... .………….717
§ 2. Opposition to the investigation in the form of concealing a crime, its consequences or persons involved in it...................................................718
§ 3. Forms and methods of “external” counteraction to the investigation.................................................... ........................................…………724
§ 4. Means and methods of overcoming opposition to the investigation..................................................… …………726
Chapter 44. Investigation of crimes against life and health
§ 1. Investigation of murders.................................................... .............……..731
§ 2. Investigation of harm to health.....................................736
Chapter 45. Investigation of crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of the individual
§ 1. Investigation of rape................................................…………….741
§ 2. Investigation of violent acts of a sexual nature.................................................... ..............................745
Chapter 46. Investigation of crimes against property
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of crimes......748
§ 2. Investigation of thefts.................................................... .....................……..749
§ 3. Investigation of robberies and assaults.........................……….755
§ 4. Fraud investigation.................................................... .........758
§ 5. Investigation of extortion.................................................. ..........…762
§ 6. Investigation of misappropriation or embezzlement of property................................768
Chapter 47. Investigation of crimes in the field economic activity
§ 1. Investigation of illegal obtaining of a loan and malicious evasion of repayment of accounts payable............777
§ 2. Investigation of false entrepreneurship.....................................786
§ 3. Investigation of thefts committed by organized criminal groups at enterprises (organizations) .......792
§ 4. Investigation of counterfeiting....................................……795
§ 5. Investigation of smuggling.................................................... ...................801
Chapter 48. Investigation of tax crimes
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of tax crimes, their criminal legal qualifications..................................…..807
§ 2. Identification of signs of crimes, verification actions, initiation of criminal proceedings.................................................... ....……811
§ 3. Construction and verification of versions. Initial investigative actions...................................……..814
§ 4. Appointment and conduct of forensic examinations in cases of tax crimes.................................................... ..........…...821
§ 5. Ensuring compensation for damage caused by tax crimes......................................................824
Chapter 49. Investigation of crimes against public safety
§ 1. Investigation of banditry.................................................... ..........…….826
§ 2. Investigation of hooliganism....……………………………………..831
§ 3. Investigation illegal trafficking weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices.........….835
§ 4. Investigation of illicit trafficking in narcotic, potent and toxic substances.................................................………….841
§ 5. Investigation of arson and criminal violations of fire safety rules.................................................... ...........................………847
§ 6. Features of the investigation of criminal cases initiated on the facts of explosions..................................................... …………..863
§ 7. Investigation of violations of traffic safety rules and operation of vehicles........................................................869
Chapter 50. Investigation of malfeasance
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of official crimes.................................................... …………………877
§ 2. Identification of signs of a crime, tactics of verification actions, initiation of a criminal case..........................……883
§ 3. Planning the investigation, initial investigative actions.................................................... .........................................887
§ 4. Subsequent investigative actions.................................................... 892
Chapter 51. Peculiarities of investigation of crimes "without delay"
§ 1. Legal and organizational foundations solving crimes “hot on the heels” ..................................................… …….895
§ 2. Initial investigative actions....................................…………896
§ 3. Features of subsequent investigative actions.................................................... ........................898
Chapter 52. Features of the investigation of juvenile crimes
§ 1. Forensic characteristics of juvenile crimes....................................…………………..900
§ 2. Initiation of a criminal case and planning of the investigation.................................................. ....………….905
§ 3. Features of the tactics of individual investigative actions.................................................... ........................…………...909
§ 4. Preventive activities of the investigator in cases of juvenile delinquency..................................................925
Chapter 53. Features of the investigation of crimes of organized criminal communities
§ 1. Preliminary remarks.................................................... ...............927
§ 2. Initial information about the commission of a crime by an organized group.................................................... ...............……………932
§ 3. Using the opportunity to inspect the scene of an incident to establish the fact that a crime was committed by an organized group...935
§ 4. Proposing versions of the commission of a crime by a group of persons and planning the investigation.................................................... ....…………938
§ 5. Interrogation as a means of obtaining information about the commission of a crime by an organized group........…………..942
§ 6. Use of other means of evidence to establish the commission of a crime by an organized group.......950
Chapter 54. Features of crime investigation, committed by foreigners and against foreigners
§ 1. Legal status foreigners in Russia...................................958
§ 2. Features of investigative actions with the participation of foreigners.................................................... ..……………………..961
Chapter 55. Features of the investigation of crimes committed by the insane and persons with mental defects
§ 1. The concept of insanity and mental defects (mental deficiencies).................................................... ....…………………966
§ 2. Initiation of a criminal case and initial investigative actions....................................……………..968
§ 3. Features of subsequent investigative actions..........………971
Chapter 56. Features of the investigation of crimes in the field of movement of computer information
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of crimes.................................................... ........................................…………974
§ 2. Features of investigative tactics.....................................982
§ 3. Possibilities of forensic examinations in the investigation of crimes in the field of movement of computer information.............991
Chapter 57. Preventive activities of the investigator
§ 1. Concept and content of investigative prevention.................................................... .......…………….994
§ 2. Means of identifying and proving circumstances that contributed to the commission of a crime...........…………………995
§ 3. Preventive measures taken by the investigator at the investigation stage............................................……………..998
The textbook, written by famous Russian scientists, reflects the current state and development prospects domestic criminology. This is currently the most complete presentation of all sections of criminology, meeting the requirements of the state standard of higher legal education. Along with the presentation of the traditional topics of the course, taking into account the achievements of related areas of scientific knowledge, a number of chapters are devoted to new methods and means of collecting and studying evidence, methods of investigating new crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. For students, graduate students and teachers of law universities and faculties, cadets and students of higher educational institutions of law enforcement agencies, practical law enforcement officers.
Section I HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY OF FORENSICS
Chapter 1. History of criminology and forensic institutions
Chapter 2. Subject, objects and system of forensics
Chapter 3. Objectives, principles and laws of development of criminology
Chapter 4. Forensic methods
Chapter 5. The nature of criminology, its place in the system of scientific knowledge and development trends
Chapter 7. Forensic identification
Chapter 8. Forensic diagnostics
Chapter 9. Theories of forensic forecasting and temporal connections and relationships
Section II FORENSIC ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 10. Conceptual provisions of forensic techniques and technology
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of forensic doctrine on recording evidentiary information
Chapter 12. Forensic photography
Chapter 13. Forensic video recording
Chapter 14. The doctrine of traces (traceology)
Chapter 15. Forensic examination of weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices and traces of their use
Chapter 16. Forensic handwriting and forensic authoring
Chapter 17. Technical and forensic examination of documents
Chapter 18. Forensic examination of substances and materials
§ 3. Possibilities of expert and preliminary research of the most common substances and materials - physical evidence
Chapter 19. Forensic study of external signs of a person (habitoscopy)
Chapter 20. Forensic phonoscopy
Chapter 21. Forensic registration
Chapter 24. Expert activity and modern capabilities of forensic examinations. General theory of forensic examination, its conceptual foundations and key concepts
Chapter 25. Main directions of use of modern computer technology in solving and investigating crimes
Section III FORENSIC TACTICS AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 26. Conceptual provisions of forensic tactics and technology
Chapter 27. Forensic leads and investigation planning
Chapter 28. Investigative activities of the investigator
Chapter 29. Interaction of participants in the detection and investigation of crimes
Chapter 30. Investigative situation and tactical combinations
Chapter 31. The factor of surprise, its consideration and use in the investigation process
Chapter 32. Tactical decision
Chapter 33. Tactics and technology of investigative examination and examination
Chapter 34. Tactics and technology of search and seizure
Chapter 35. Interrogation tactics
Chapter 36. Tactics for checking and clarifying evidence on the spot
Chapter 37. Investigative experiment tactics
Chapter 38. Tactics of presentation for identification
Chapter 39. Tactics of detention and arrest
Chapter 40. Technology for obtaining samples for comparative research
Chapter 41. Technology for listening and recording telephone conversations
Section IV FORENSIC TECHNIQUES
Chapter 42. Conceptual provisions of forensic methodology
Chapter 43. Counteraction to the investigation and ways to overcome it using forensic and operational investigative means and methods
Chapter 44. Investigation of crimes against life and health
Chapter 46. Investigation of crimes against property
Chapter 48. Investigation of tax crimes
Chapter 49. Investigation of crimes against public safety
Chapter 50. Investigation of malfeasance
Chapter 51. Peculiarities of investigation of crimes "without delay"
Chapter 52. Features of the investigation of juvenile crimes
Chapter 53. Features of the investigation of crimes of organized criminal communities
Textbook for universities. - M.: NORMA, 2001. - 990 pp. The textbook, written by famous Russian scientists, reflects the current state and prospects for the development of domestic criminology. This is currently the most complete presentation of all sections of criminology, meeting the requirements of the state standard of higher legal education. Along with the presentation of the traditional topics of the course, taking into account the achievements of related areas of scientific knowledge, a number of chapters are devoted to new methods and means of collecting and studying evidence, methods of investigating new crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Content:History and methodology of criminology: History of criminology and forensic institutions.
Subject, objects and system of forensics.
Objectives, principles and laws of development of criminology.
Forensic methods.
The nature of criminology, its place in the system of scientific knowledge and development trends.
Content and structure of the general theory of criminology.
Forensic identification.
Forensic diagnostics.
Theories of forensic forecasting and temporal connections and relationships. Forensic techniques and technology: Conceptual provisions of forensic techniques and technology.
Fundamentals of forensic teaching on recording evidentiary information.
Forensic photography.
Forensic video recording.
The doctrine of traces (traceology).
Forensic research of weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices and traces of their use.
Forensic handwriting and forensic authoring.
Technical and forensic examination of documents.
Forensic research of substances and materials.
Forensic study of external signs of a person (habitoscopy).
Forensic phonoscopy.
Forensic registration.
Non-traditional means of obtaining information relevant for the investigation of crimes.
The use of special knowledge in the activities of investigative and inquiry bodies.
Expert activity and modern capabilities of forensic examinations. General theory of forensic examination, its conceptual foundations and key concepts.
The main directions of using modern computer technologies in solving and investigating crimes. Forensic tactics and technology: Conceptual provisions of forensic tactics and technology.
Forensic leads and investigation planning.
Investigative activities of the investigator.
Interaction of participants in the detection and investigation of crimes.
Investigative situation and tactical combinations.
The factor of surprise, its consideration and use in the investigation process.
Tactical decision.
Tactics and technology of investigative inspection and examination.
Tactics and technology of search and seizure.
Interrogation tactics.
Tactics for checking and clarifying evidence on the spot.
Investigative experiment tactics.
Presentation tactics for identification.
Detention and arrest tactics.
Technology for obtaining samples for comparative research.
Technology for listening and recording telephone conversations. Forensic methodology: Conceptual provisions of forensic methodology.
Counteraction to the investigation and ways to overcome it using forensic and operational investigative means and methods.
Investigation of crimes against life and health.
Investigation of crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of the individual.
Investigation of crimes against property.
Investigation of crimes in the field of economic activity.
Investigation of tax crimes.
Investigation of crimes against public safety.
Investigation of malfeasance.
Peculiarities of investigation of crimes "hot on the heels".
Features of the investigation of juvenile crimes.
Features of the investigation of crimes of organized criminal communities.
Features of the investigation of crimes committed by foreigners and against foreigners.
Features of the investigation of crimes committed by the insane and persons with mental defects.
Features of the investigation of crimes in the field of movement of computer information.
Preventive activities of the investigator. Literature.
(Document)
n1.doc
Criminalistics: a textbook for universities / Ed. R.S. B Elkina . – M.: NORM, 2001. – 990 p.ISBN 5-89123-302-9 (NORM) ISBN 5-86225-949-Х (INFRA - M)
The textbook, written by famous Russian scientists, reflects the current state and prospects for the development of domestic criminology. This is currently the most complete presentation of all sections of criminology, meeting the requirements of the state standard of higher legal education. Along with the presentation of the traditional topics of the course, taking into account the achievements of related areas of scientific knowledge, a number of chapters are devoted to new methods and means of collecting and studying evidence, methods of investigating new crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
For students, graduate students and teachers of law universities and faculties, cadets and students of higher educational institutions of law enforcement agencies, practical law enforcement officers.
ISBN 5-89123-302-9 (NORM) ISBN 5-86225-949-Х (INFRA M)
© T. V. Averyanova, R. S. Belkin, Yu. G. Korukhov, E. R. Rossinskaya, 1998
© Publishing house NORMA, 1998
T. V. Averyanova, R. S. Belkin, Yu. G.
Korukhov, E. R. Rossiyskaya
§ 1. Concept and scientific foundations
Forensic identification................................................................... …104
§ 2. Forensic doctrine of signs.........................………..1
§ 3. Stages of forensic
Identifications........................................................ ........................................……….121
§ 4. The meaning of forensic identification
And differences to investigate
And solving crimes........................................................ ..........…………123
Chapter 8. Forensic diagnostics
§ 1. Concept and tasks of forensic diagnostics...........………127
§ 2. Theoretical foundations
Forensic diagnostics................................................................ ..………130
§ 3. Expert diagnostic tasks................................................…….. 136
§ 4. Diagnostics in the work of an investigator.................................................... .……..138
Chapter 9. Theories of forensic forecasting
and temporary connections and relationships
Forecasting........................................................ ...............………………143
§ 2. Forensic theory of temporary connections
And relationships........................................ ........................………………150
Literature................................................. ...........................………………152
Section II
^
FORENSIC ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 10. Conceptual provisions of forensic science
techniques and technologies
§ 1. Concept, system and legal basis
Applications of forensic technology....................……………154
§ 2. Technical and forensic tools and methods,
Used when collecting material evidence…………….158
§ 3. Methods and means of preliminary and expert
Research of physical evidence.........................................................162
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of forensic science
on recording evidentiary information
§ 1. The concept of fixing evidence
Information........................................................ .......................................172
§ 2. General characteristics of forms, methods and means
Recording evidentiary information........................……………174
§ 3. Verbal and graphic forms of fixation
Evidence information........................................………………..176
§ 4. Subject and visual-figurative forms
Recording evidentiary information...................................................179
Chapter 12. Forensic photography
§ 1. The concept of forensic photography,
Its significance in investigative and expert practice....................................184
§ 2. Methods of forensic investigative photography...................................…….186
§ 3. Private photography techniques...................................................196
§ 4. Types of photography and features of photography
Forensic objects......................................................... .....………199
§ 5. Forensic photography......................................................................202
§ 6. Procedural registration of application
Forensic photography................................................... .......…..211
Chapter 13. Forensic video recording
§ 1. Video recording as a means of recording
Forensically significant information.....................................................213
§ 2. Modern video technology used
In investigative practice………………………………………………………214
§ 3. Use of video recording in production
Investigative actions......................................................... ....................……217
§ 4. Video recording as a document
Or material evidence.............................................……………226
Chapter 14. The doctrine of traces (traceology)
§ 1. General provisions of traceology.
Classification of traces, their forensic significance......…………228
§ 2. Human traces (anthroposcopy) .................................................... .....…….234
§ 3. Traces of burglary tools, tools.....................................… …..249
§ 4. Traces of production mechanisms.................................................... ...253
§ 5. Traces-objects.................................................... ........................................254
§ 6. Establishing the whole in parts.................................................... .........…257
§ 7. Vehicle traces.................................................. ...................259
§ 8. Microobjects.................................................... ...............................…….266
Chapter 15. Forensic examination of weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices and traces of their use
§ 1. The concept of forensic ballistics and its significance
To investigate crimes.........................................…………… 270
§ 2. Forensic research
Firearms...................................................... ................;....……271
§ 3. Forensic examination of cartridges.....................................277
§ 4. Forensic examination of traces of a shot........................290
§ 5. Explosive devices and traces of their use.................................................. 297
§ 6. Forensic research of cold
Weapons and traces of their use.................................................................... ...............299
Chapter 16. Forensic handwriting and
§ 1. General Provisions............................................. ...........................…304
§ 2. Forensic handwriting.................................................... ....................307
§ 3. Preparation of handwriting examination..................................................314
§ 4. Methodology of forensic handwriting examination...................................315
document research
§ 1. The concept and tasks of technical-forensic
Document research................................................................ ...........................324
§ 2. Study of document forms.................................................. ..…..325
§ 3. Study of typewritten texts...................................................... 328
§ 4. Study of seals and stamps....................................................330
§ 5. Study of partially amended documents…………………..332
§ 6. Establishing hidden information.................................................... .......336
Chapter 18. Forensic research
substances and materials
§ 1. The concept of forensic research
Substances and materials and its tasks..................................................... ………338
§ 2. Detection, fixation and seizure of substances
And materials during investigative actions.........……….341
§ 3. Possibilities of expert and preliminary research
The most common substances and materials are
Physical evidence................................................................ ..…………...344
Chapter 19. Forensic research
external signs of a person (habitoscopy)
§ 1. General provisions of forensic
Identification of a person based on appearance....................................360
§ 2. Methodology for describing appearance features
Person (method of verbal portrait) ...............................................................362
§ 3. Methods and means of collecting information
About the external signs of a person............................................................. .........………366
§ 4. Forensic portrait examination.................................…………380
Chapter 20. Forensic phonoscopy
§ 1. The concept of forensic phonoscopy..................................................383
§ 2. Features of inspection of magnetic media
With recordings and preparation of materials
For phonoscopic examination................................................................... ....………384
§ 1. Concept, content and legal basis
Forensic registration................................................................ .………388
§ 2. Operational and reference records, their organization
And use in disclosure
And the investigation of crimes.........................................…………… ….393
§ 3. Forensic records.................................................... ..…………...400
§ 4. Reference and auxiliary records.................................................... .....…404
Chapter 22. Unconventional means of obtaining
information relevant for crime investigations…………..407
Chapter 23. Using special knowledge
in the activities of investigative and inquiry bodies................................…………...419
Chapter 24. Expert activity and
modern forensic capabilities.
General theory of forensic examination, its
conceptual framework and key concepts
§ 1. Conducting an examination
During the preliminary investigation .................................................... .....………..434
§ 2. Possibilities of forensic examinations in disclosure
And crime investigation......................................................... ...............436
§ 3. General theory of forensic examination,
Its conceptual foundations........................................................ .........………….450
Chapter 25. Main directions of use
modern computer technologies in
detection and investigation of crimes
§ 1. Use of universal software
In the detection and investigation of crimes...................................................465
§ 2. Automation of accounting.................................................... ........................466
§ 3. Automation of examinations and research....................................................467
§ 4. Automation of the crime investigation process..................................................................................................... ………………..469
Literature................................................. ...............................................471
Section III FORENSICS
^
TACTICS AND TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 26. Conceptual provisions
forensic tactics and technology
§ 1. Basic concepts of forensic tactics..................................474
§ 2. Forensic tactics in the system of scientific knowledge.......….480
§ 3. Forensic tactics
And the practice of fighting crime...................................…………..486
§ 4. Tactics of procedural action.................................................... ......491
Chapter 27. Forensic versions
and investigation planning
§ 1. Forensic versions.................................................. ...............496
§ 2. Planning the investigation.................................................... ................499
Chapter 28. Investigative activities of the investigator
§ 1. Concept and types of search.................................................... ...........................506
§ 2. Organization and implementation of the search....................................…….510
Chapter 29. Interaction of participants
detection and investigation of crimes
§ 1. Concept, principles and subjects of interaction.........……………515
§ 2. Forms of interaction.................................................... ...........................519
Chapter 30. Investigative situation and
tactical combinations
§ 1. Concept, content and types of investigative situations...........……..525
§ 2. Activities of the investigator
In conditions of tactical risk...................................………………….528
§ 3. Tactical combinations (operations) ...........................................……………..531
Chapter 31. The factor of surprise, its consideration and use
under investigation
§ 1. The factor of surprise, its meaning
And forms of use in the investigation.....……………………..539
§ 2. Tactics of the investigator
Using the factor of surprise..............................……………...543
§ 3. Taking into account the influence of the surprise factor
For the activities of the investigator......................................................... ........…………552
§ 4. The influence of the surprise factor on completeness
And the reliability of evidentiary information..........................554
Chapter 32. Tactical decision
§ 1. The concept of a tactical decision...................................…………558
§ 2. Preparation for making a tactical decision....................................…..561
§ 3. Making a tactical decision...............................................… ….564
§ 4. Some special questions
Making tactical decisions................................................................... ……568
Chapter 33. Investigative tactics and technology
inspection and certification
§ 1. Essence and types of investigative examination....................................................575
§ 2. Inspection of the scene.................................................... ....………...580
§ 3. External examination of the corpse at the place of its discovery..........………...592
§ 4. Other types of investigative examination............................................................ .....594
§ 5. Inspection.................................................... ...........................…596
Chapter 34. Tactics and technology of search and seizure
§ 1. Essence, objectives and procedure for conducting a search.................................……598
§ 2. Preparation for a search....................................;....... ...........................605
§ 3. General provisions of search tactics................................................…………..610
§ 4. Search technology.................................................... ........................……614
§ 5. Production of excavation.................................................... ...............………..622
Chapter 35. Interrogation tactics
§ 1. Concept, meaning and types of interrogation............................................…………….624
§ 2. Preparation for interrogation.................................................... ....................…….626
§ 3. General provisions of tactics
Interrogation of witnesses and victims................................……………….630
§ 4. General provisions of interrogation tactics
Suspects and accused...................................................... ....…………..634
§ 5. Features of interrogation tactics when exposing a lie.........…….638
§ 6. Features of the tactics of interrogation of minors.................……645
§ 7. Tactics of other types of interrogation.................................................... ...................647
§ 8. Recording the progress and results of the interrogation.................................................... ….650
Chapter 36. Tactics of verification and clarification
readings on site
§ 1. The concept of checking and clarifying evidence on the spot..................................652
§ 2. Preparation for checking and clarifying evidence on site..........…..655
§ 3. Tactical methods of verification and clarification
Indications on site......................................................... ........................………..655
§ 4. Recording the verification process and results
And clarification of indications on the spot................................................... ....…………657
Chapter 37. Investigative experiment tactics
§ 1. The concept and essence of an investigative experiment.....................................659
§ 2. Types of investigative experiments.................................................... .......661
§ 3. Participants in the investigative experiment...................................……663
§ 4. Preparation for conducting an investigative experiment..............664
§ 5. Tactics of conducting an investigative experiment................................................666
§ 6. Recording the progress and results of the investigative experiment.................670
§ 7. Evaluation of the results of the investigative experiment.....................................672
Chapter 38. Tactics of presentation for identification
§ 1. Essence, objectives and order of presentation
For identification................................................... ............………………………674
§ 2. Types of presentation for identification.................................................... .……..676
§ 3. Subjects to be presented for identification......................................................................679
§ 4. Tactics of presentation for identification of living persons..................................680
§ 5. Tactics of presentation for identification of corpses....................................……….683
§ 6. Tactics of presentation for identification of objects................................……685
§ 7. Identification tactics
Based on photographs................................................... ....................………………687
§ 8. Tactics of presentation for identification of animals……………688
§ 9. Procedural presentation of results
Identification presentations.....................................................…… …………689
Chapter 39. Tactics of detention and arrest
§ 1. Legal grounds for detention and arrest................................................................691
§ 2. Preparation for detention and arrest....................................................… …...692
§ 3. Tactical methods of detention.................................................... .......….693
Chapter 40. Sample technology
for comparative study
§ 1. Concept and types of samples
For a comparative study........................................……………….695
§ 2. Technology for obtaining samples
For a comparative study..............................................…… ……697
Chapter 41. Listening technology and
recordings of telephone conversations
§ 1. Essence and procedure of listening
And recordings of negotiations................................................... ...........................701
§ 2. Technology of listening and recording conversations.........……………703
Literature................................................. ...............……………………704
Section IV FORENSIC TECHNIQUES
Chapter 42. Conceptual provisions
forensic methodology
§ 1. The concept of forensic methodology..................................................706
§ 2. Principles and starting points
Formation of private forensic techniques.................…….709
§ 3. Structure and content of private
Forensic techniques........................................………………713
Chapter 43. Opposition to the investigation and
ways to overcome it
forensic and operational investigative
means and methods
§ 1. Concept, content and subjects
Opposition to the investigation........................................………….717
§ 2. Opposition to investigation in the form of concealment
Crime, its consequences or those involved
Persons facing him........................……………………………………………718
§ 3. Forms and methods of “external” counteraction
Investigation........................................................ ........................…………724
§ 4. Means and methods of overcoming
Opposition to the investigation........................................................726
Chapter 44. Crime Investigation
against life and health
§ 1. Investigation of murders.................................................... .............……..731
§ 2. Investigation of harm to health.....................................736
Chapter 45. Crime investigation
against sexual integrity and
sexual freedom of the individual
§ 1. Investigation of rape................................................…………….741
§ 2. Investigation of violent acts
Sexual nature................................................... .......................745
Chapter 46. Crime Investigation
against property
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of crimes......748
§ 2. Investigation of thefts.................................................... .....................……..749
§ 3. Investigation of robberies and assaults.........................……….755
§ 4. Fraud investigation.................................................... .........758
§ 5. Investigation of extortion.................................................. ..........…762
§ 6. Investigation of misappropriation or embezzlement of property................................768
Chapter 47. Crime Investigation
in the field of economic activity
§ 1. Investigation of illegal obtaining of a loan
And malicious evasion of repayment of creditors
Debts.........................................................................................777
§ 2. Investigation of false entrepreneurship.....................................786
§ 3. Investigation of thefts committed
Organized criminal groups in
Enterprises (organizations) ..................................................................792
§ 4. Investigation of counterfeiting....................................……795
§ 5. Investigation of smuggling.................................................... ...................801
Chapter 48. Investigation of tax crimes
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics of tax
Crimes, their criminal legal qualifications..................................807
§ 2. Identification of signs of crimes, verification
Actions, initiation of criminal proceedings...................................................811
§ 3. Construction and verification of versions.
Initial investigative actions...................................……..814
§ 4. Appointment and conduct of forensic examinations
In cases of tax crimes................................................................... ..…...821
§ 5. Ensuring compensation for damages,
Caused by tax crimes...................................................824
Chapter 49
against public safety
Initiated on the facts of explosions...................................……………..863
§ 7. Investigation of violations of traffic safety rules
And operation of vehicles.........................................................869
Chapter 50. Investigation of malfeasance
§ 1. Generic forensic characteristics
Malfeasance.........................................................……………… …877
§ 2. Identification of signs of a crime, tactics
Test actions, excitement
Criminal case........................................................ ..………………………883
§ 3. Investigation planning, initial
Investigative actions........................................................ .......................887
§ 4. Subsequent investigative actions.................................................... 892
Chapter 51. Features of the investigation
crimes "in hot pursuit"
§ 1. Legal and organizational basis for disclosure
Crimes “hot on the heels” ..................................................…… ….895
§ 2. Initial investigative actions....................................…………896
§ 3. Features of the following
Investigative actions......................................................... ..........…………898