Aviation weapons. Weapon of the century
The most terrible aircraft of the First World War: Fokker E.I Eindecker
Country: Germany
First flight: 1915
Normal take-off weight: 660 kg
Wingspan: 8.5 m
Engines: 1 PD (piston engine) Oberursel U.0, 80 hp
Maximum speed: 132 km/h
Service ceiling: 3000 m
Practical range: 200 km
The aircraft received the nickname Fokker scourge (“punishing” Fokker). The aircraft was so effective as a fighter that the British forbade their pilots to fly over the front line alone, since in a one-on-one meeting other aircraft simply had no chance against the Fokker, armed with a 7.92 mm LMG 08 machine gun. /15 Spandau. One of the Fokker E.I (Eindecker means monoplane), captured in 1916, is now on display at the London Science Museum.
The first production vertical take-off and landing combat aircraft: the Hawker Siddeley Harrier
Country: UK
First flight: 1967
Maximum take-off weight: 11500 kg
Wingspan: 7.7 m
Engines: 1 Rolls Royce Pegasus Mk.103 turbojet engine thrust 8750 kgf
Maximum speed: 1185 km/h
Service ceiling: 15000 m
Maximum range: 1900 km
The world's first light attack aircraft/vertical take-off and landing fighter. Since 1967, 257 cars have been built various modifications, including 110 AV-8A aircraft, manufactured under license in the USA by McDonnell Douglas, which were in service with the Royal Air Force, the Spanish and Thai Navy and the Corps Marine Corps USA. The vehicle saw action during the Falklands War, where 20 Harriers based on the British aircraft carriers Hermes and Invincible shot down 21 Argentine aircraft.
Fastest aircraft: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
Country: USA
First flight: 1964
Maximum take-off weight: 77 t
Wingspan: 17 m
Engines: 2 Pratt Whitey J58-P4 turbofan engines
Maximum speed: 3500 km/h
Service ceiling: 26,000 m
Practical range: 5200 km (subsonic)
US Air Force strategic high-speed reconnaissance aircraft. The first aircraft in the world created using radar signature reduction technologies. Titanium alloys were used in its design, since due to the high flight speed the casing was heated to 400–500°C. A total of 32 vehicles were built (12 were lost during operation). In 1976, the SR-71 set the official absolute speed record for manned aircraft - 3529.56 km/h, which has not been broken to this day. The aircraft made reconnaissance flights over Vietnam and North Korea in 1968, during cold war over the territory of the USSR and Cuba, and in 1973 it was used for reconnaissance of the territory of Egypt, Syria and Jordan during the Arab-Israeli war. The plane was “armed” with electronic and photo reconnaissance devices and side-view radar. In addition to the US Air Force and the CIA, the SR-71 was operated by NASA as a flying laboratory as part of the AST (Advanced Supersonic Technology) and SCAR (Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research) programs.
The first multi-engine aircraft: “Russian Knight”
Country Russia
First flight: 1913
Normal take-off weight: 4000 kg
Wing span: upper – 27 m, lower – 20 m
Engines: 4 piston Argus, 4x100 hp.
Maximum speed: 90 km/h
Service ceiling: 600 m
Practical range: 170 km
The world's first multi-engine aircraft, which laid the foundation for the creation of heavy aviation. The plane was designed by the outstanding aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky. The device made its first flight in May 1913, and already in August of the same year a world record for flight duration was set - 1 hour 54 minutes. Its direct follower was another outstanding example of aviation technology of the 20th century - the Ilya Muromets aircraft.
The first turbojet combat aircraft: Messerschmitt Me-262
Country: Germany
First flight: 1942
Normal take-off weight: 6400 kg
Wingspan: 12.5 m
Engines: 2 turbojet engines Junkers Jumo 004B-1, thrust 2x900 kgf
Maximum speed: 850 km/h (at altitude)
Service ceiling: 11000 m
Practical range: 1040 km
Powered by Junkers Jumo 004 turbojet engines, this aircraft, which made its first flight in 1942, was so superior to traditional fighters in such characteristics as speed and climb rate that it was quite suitable for the often used description of “miracle”. Although the aircraft was originally conceived as a fighter, Hitler demanded that it be turned into a bomber, invulnerable to enemy fighters due to its speed and altitude. However, the Luftwaffe command considered this decision to be erroneous. As a result, by 1944 the aircraft was not ready either as a fighter or as a bomber. The first victims of the Me-262 in the summer of 1944 were the Mosquito and Spitfire, whose speed and flight altitude could no longer serve as reliable protection against jet fighters. In the autumn of the same year, Me-262s showed their capabilities as jet bombers, destroying bridges in Nimwegen and Remagen and the English airfield in Endhoven. And although in general the successes of the Me-262 were quite modest, they clearly showed in which direction military aviation will develop in the future.
Highest altitude fighter: MiG-25 interceptor fighter
Country: USSR
First flight: 1964
Maximum take-off weight: 41 t
Wingspan: 14 m
Engines: 2 TRDF R-15B-300
Maximum speed: 3000 km/h (at altitude)
Service ceiling: 24700 m
Practical range: 1730 km (subsonic)
This is the world's first serial fighter to reach a speed of 3000 km/h. In 1961, at the OKB A.I. Mikoyan began designing an aircraft capable of intercepting the promising supersonic strategic bomber North American XB-70 Valkyrie. The aircraft with the factory code E-155 made its first flight in March 1964, and began mass production. The aircraft called E-266 became the record holder for the number of world records set on it: speed on various closed routes (100/500/1000 km) and on a base of 15/25 km, rate of climb and altitude (July 22, 1977 A.V. . Fedotov reached an altitude of 37,800 m on this plane). Some of these records have not yet been broken. Since the aircraft developed high speed and the skin heated up to almost 300°C, stainless steel, titanium and heat-resistant aluminum alloys were chosen as the main structural materials. Until the early 1990s, the MiG-25, in its interceptor version, formed the basis of the air defense of the USSR Air Force. The aircraft was produced in an interceptor version, as well as in reconnaissance and reconnaissance-strike versions. Currently, Russia has several dozen MiG-25RB reconnaissance bombers in service.
Longest-surviving bomber: Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
Country: USA
First flight: 1952 (B-52A)
Maximum take-off weight: 220 t
(for B-52H modification)
Wingspan: 56 m
Engines: 8 Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-3/103 turbojet engines, thrust 8x7600 kgf
Maximum speed: 1000 km/h
Service ceiling: 15000 m
Maximum flight range: 16200 km
The most popular heavy bomber in the world and, moreover, the record holder for active longevity among all combat aircraft. From 1952 to 1962, almost 750 aircraft of eight modifications were produced, but the B-52H version of the aircraft is still in service with the US Air Force. 75 of them will serve until 2040, which will allow this bomber to become the longest-serving aircraft in history (it is also considered the longest-range record holder). The B-52 was created as a carrier nuclear weapons, and constant combat duty These bombers were only phased out in 1991. The aircraft took an active part in the Vietnam War, as well as in all recent regional wars and conflicts.
The most popular jet aircraft: MiG-15 fighter
Country: USSR
First flight: 1947
Normal take-off weight: 4800 kg
Wingspan: 10 m
Engines: 1 TRD RD-45F, thrust 2270 kgf
Maximum speed: 1030 km/h
Service ceiling: 15200 m
Practical range: 1300 km
Aircraft with the factory name I-310 were equipped with British Rolls-Royce Nene engines. The design of this engine was taken as the basis for the production of the first Soviet turbojet engine VK-1 (RD-45), which was used to equip aircraft called the MiG-15. These fighters became a real star Korean War, they also fought in China and the Middle East. This fighter became the most produced aircraft in the history of jet aviation - taking into account licensed production in other countries, more than 15,000 aircraft were produced and used in 40 countries. The last MiG-15s were withdrawn from service with the Albanian Air Force in 2005.
Most stealth strike aircraft: Lockheed Martin F-117A Nighthawk
Country: USA
First flight: 1981
Normal take-off weight: 23600 kg
Wingspan: 13.3 m
Engines: 2 General Electric turbofans
F404-GE-F1D2, thrust 2x4670 kgf
Maximum speed: 970 km/h
Service ceiling: 13700 m
Combat radius: 920 km
The world's only light bomber, made using stealth technology, was mass-produced from 1982 to 1991, with a total of 59 aircraft built. Designed to covertly overcome enemy air defense systems and deliver high-precision strikes on important ground targets, for which it can carry guided bombs and guided missiles(maximum combat load - 2670 kg). He took part in combat operations in Panama, both wars in Iraq and the operation against Yugoslavia. In 2008 it was withdrawn from service. Information about the efficiency of the aircraft is contradictory, but its very existence is a clear illustration of the skill of aircraft designers who were able to make such an exotic machine fly.
First production fifth-generation fighter: Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
Country: USA
First flight: 1990
Normal take-off weight: 38 t
Wingspan: 13.6 m
Engines: 2 turbofans Pratt Whitney F119-PW-100, thrust 2x15600 kgf
Maximum speed: 2410 km/h
Service ceiling: 19800 m
Combat radius: 760 km
The first in the world and so far the only serial multirole fighter fifth generation, which implements all the features of aircraft of this type: stealth (stealth technology), super-maneuverability, supersonic cruising flight, high degree automation, piloting processes, navigation, target detection and weapons use. The main weapons are located in the internal compartments. The first flight of the pre-production vehicle took place in September 1997. It was planned to purchase 384 aircraft for the US Air Force, but due to the crisis and the high cost of the aircraft (this is the most expensive fighter in history, its cost is about $150 million), the program was reduced to 188 aircraft.
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81 department of operation of aviation weapons systems (and sighting systems)
Disciplines:
reliability and technical diagnostics;
surveillance and sighting systems aircraft;
basics of designing robotic systems;
robotic systems for preparation and control of aviation weapons;
operation of aviation weapons.
Scientific directions:
methods and means for constructing intelligent control and decision-making systems, including those based on neuroinformatics and pattern recognition theory;
methods and means for constructing photodetectors, optical-electronic information media reconnaissance, aiming, control and guidance of weapons;
kinematic and dynamic principles for constructing autonomous robotic complexes for various purposes.
82 Department of Aviation Weapons (and Effectiveness of Combat Use)
Disciplines:
aviation ammunition;
ballistics of aircraft weapons;
missile-bomber installations and weapon control systems;
aviation guided missiles;
aviation artillery weapons.
Scientific directions:
improvement ballistic support combat use of aviation weapons;
increasing the effectiveness of the use of aviation artillery weapons;
improvement of algorithmic support for aircraft guided missile guidance systems.
83 department of special weapons
Disciplines:
theoretical foundations of the design of physical installations;
automatic aviation ammunition;
metrological control systems for aviation ammunition;
operation of aviation ammunition;
combat use and lethal effect aviation ammunition;
designs of aviation ammunition.
Scientific directions:
improvement of the aircraft ammunition operation system;
improving the reliability and safety of operation of aviation ammunition;
improvement of circuit design and layout solutions in order to improve the characteristics of aviation ammunition.
Aviation weapons
Rice. 1. Classification of aviation weapons.
aviation weapons a set of weapons deployed on an aircraft to destroy the enemy, devices for their transportation and use, as well as systems that ensure the combat use of weapons (Fig. 1). Sometimes to V. a. also include military means, which do not provide direct destruction of the enemy, but ultimately serve to increase the effectiveness and means of destruction (jamming or masking devices, protective equipment various types). TO V. a. also include systems and means of its control.
First view V. a. there was a machine gun installed experimentally on an airplane in 1911 (almost simultaneously in Russia and France). Aviation bombs were first used by Italian aviation during the Italo-Turkish War of 191112. Russian pilots participating in the 1st Balkan War of 191213 bombed the Turkish fortress of Adrianople (Edirne) in 1912, manually dropping 10-kilogram bombs. To attack ground troops (infantry and cavalry), darts slightly larger than a pencil were dropped from an airplane. An arrow weighing 30 g pierced a wooden block with a thickness of over 15. In 1913 in Russia, a device by Staff Captain V.I. Tolmachev was installed on an airplane for aiming during bombing. In the same year, the German engineer F. Schneider patented the design of a synchronous machine gun drive (synchronizer), which makes it possible to fire a machine gun through a plane swept away by a propeller. Significant development V. a. associated with the creation of the first heavy bomber by I. I. Sikorsky in 1913. The aircraft's machine-gun and cannon defensive armament had a circular firing zone and numbered up to 8 machine guns, including mobile ones. The aircraft was equipped with a holder for an intra-fuselage weapon suspension, a mechanical system for dropping aerial bombs from the aircraft cockpit and a bomber sight. To arm the aircraft, V.V. Oranovsky developed the world's first system (series) of high-explosive and fragmentation bombs and an aircraft fuse. The high-explosive bomb system consisted of 8 bombs, and the fragmentation bomb system consisted of 4 bombs. Fragmentation bombs had ready-made elements and a warning rod for detonation above the ground. Incendiary bombs were containers filled with tow and sawdust, soaked in fuel oil and gasoline. In 1916, the French pilot G. Guynemer used a 37-mm cannon in air battles, firing through a hollow propeller hub. In Russia, a 37-mm cannon was installed on the M-9 seaplane (see), they tried to use a 76-mm cannon on a bomber. The first Soviet serial fighter I-2 in 1926 was armed with two synchronized machine guns. In 1928, Soviet military aviation received a turret machine gun. In 1932, a 7.62-mm aircraft machine gun with a rate of fire of 1800 rounds per minute, which had no equal in the world, was adopted for service. By 1933 it was created new system M32 aerial bombs. In 193638, the Ultra-ShKAS aircraft machine gun with a rate of fire of 3000 rounds per minute was successfully tested. In 1936, a 20-mm aircraft cannon was adopted for service. At the end of 1938, tests began on the 12.7-mm BS machine gun designed by M. E. Berezin. In 193739, unguided PC-82 and PC-132 entered fighter service. During the 2nd World War, Soviet aviation also had 23 mm cannons, 12.7 mm machine guns and 20 mm B-20 cannons, -23 and NS-37 cannons. Radar sights and guidance systems have appeared that allow bombing at invisible targets (at night, from behind the clouds). Bomber installations automatically dropped bombs either singly or in one salvo or in a series with a given number of bombs and set intervals. The caliber of the bombs varied widely, from 0.5 kg to 12 tons. The Soviet Air Force received cumulative anti-tank bombs during the war.
Aircraft weapons are guided, adjustable and unguided weapons. Guided weapons are aircraft missiles of the “air air” class (for hitting air targets when launched from an aircraft), “air surface” (for hitting ground and surface targets), “air space” (a special case of air-to-air missiles air" to destroy objects in space), as well as anti-missiles (to destroy enemy missiles mainly for defense and interception purposes). Adjustable weapons intermediate between guided and unguided weapons, covering mainly weapons based on samples unguided weapons, equipped with one-time and multiple-time correction systems to reduce the likelihood of a miss. Bombs, artillery shells, and missiles can be adjusted. Unguided weapons include: bomber weapons, including a variety of aerial bombs, clusters with small submunitions, incendiary tanks, mines and torpedoes (see); rocket weapon does not have means of targeting; machine gun and cannon weapons, including cannons, machine guns, grenade launchers and ammunition for them (see), as well as pouring systems, spreaders (dipole reflectors, false thermal targets), flamethrowers, etc. Since the 80s. In the United States, work is underway on a new type of weapons - laser beam weapons.
Devices used for the transportation and sale of weapons are usually understood as mobile and fixed installations of machine-gun and cannon weapons, aircraft launchers, catapult installations, units of unguided missiles, bomb locks, containers, pylons, as well as electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and servicing devices. pyrotechnic systems. This also includes exhaust systems, parachute systems stabilization and braking, etc. Modern complex V. a. this is a set of interconnected devices that function both when using machine gun-cannon, and bomber or missile weapons (Fig. 2). For example, containers with guns or missile launchers can be suspended from beam holders included in the installation of bomber weapons.
Systems that ensure the combat use of weapons are varied in type and nature of action. Systems for detecting and identifying targets constitute an independent class of surveillance and sighting systems. The main type of supporting systems included in V. a., are weapon (weapon) control systems; a diagram of one of them is shown in Fig. 3. Since the 80s. the basis of these systems, in addition to power lines and power supply units, are digital computers different levels, united by a digital multiplex communication line and information transmission, sometimes supplemented by analogue information transmission lines (for example, a television image of a target from a missile homing head), devices for displaying information to the crew, etc. Lower-level computers in the weapon control system receive information about the type of suspended weapon, readiness it to work, carry out periodic monitoring of serviceability, at the commands of the central computer or computer of a higher level, calculate and enter into the weapon a work program (the time of turning on and off the rocket engine, the moments of changing the configuration and opening the wings, releasing the braking parachute), and also calculate the parameters ( for example, the moment of operation) of the fuse. If necessary, they also provide translation of digital control commands into analog signals. Higher-level computers solve the ballistic problem, determine the launch zone or release point, select the type of weapon and the order of its use, provide the crew with a visual indication of the situation and optimize the solution in this situation. In some cases, these computers solve more complex tasks, going beyond the control of only weapons, for example, optimal maneuvering of an aircraft in the target area, simultaneous control of the aircraft and engine to ensure maximum efficiency in the use of weapons, etc.
Continuous development of air defense systems, increasing requirements for efficiency V. a. lead to constant complication V. a., its gradual merging with the subsystems of the carrier aircraft and ultimately to the transformation of the combat aircraft into a single combat aviation complex. Increasing complexity of systems V. a. necessitates reliable control performance V. a. during ground operation and application. As a result of improvement V. a. most systems are unmanaged and some types of managed V. a. due to their high reliability, they are not subject to control (so-called unchecked systems). The role of control V. a. is constantly increasing.
Until the 60s. To check aircraft weapons, mainly non-automated means were used, made in the form of test equipment with signal indication devices. Since the 70s Automated control systems based on digital electronic computers have become widely developed (Fig. 4). They carry out parametric control according to specified programs, search for a faulty block or node, and predict technical condition, and also record the control results using printing devices or displays.
Literature:
Combat aviation technology. Aviation weapons, ed. D. I. Gladkova, M., 1987.V. S. Eger, I. A. Rodionov.
Rice. 2. Possible arrangement of weapons in the hull or on the external sling of a modern fighter-bomber.
Rice. 3. Diagram of the weapons control system.
Rice. 4. Typical diagram automated system control of guided aircraft missiles.
Encyclopedia "Aviation". - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Svishchev G. G. 1998.
See what “aviation weapons” are in other dictionaries:
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weapons installed on aircraft and systems that ensure their combat use. It is divided by type into small arms and cannon (aircraft guns and machine guns, ammunition for them, sighting and other support systems), bomber (aircraft bombs, bomb clusters and bundles, bomber launchers and sights), missile (aircraft missile systems, as well as jet systems volley fire), multi-torpedo (aircraft pins, torpedoes, their suspension and release devices, control devices) and special (nuclear, and in some foreign armies- chemical and others special ammunition).
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Great Soviet Encyclopedia
"Aviation weapons" in books
Chapter 5 Aircraft, weapons, auxiliary aviation equipment
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Chapter 24. Aircraft cannon weapons
From the author's bookChapter 24. Aviation cannon armament Due to the inability of German tanks and anti-tank artillery to effectively fight Soviet T-34s and KVs, the Germans began feverishly looking for new ways to destroy enemy vehicles. Immediately the idea of installing
MODERN AIRCRAFT WEAPONS
From the book Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aviation 1945-2002: Part 1. Aircraft author Morozov V.P.MODERN AVIATION WEAPONS Aviation weapons include weapons that are installed on military aircraft and systems that ensure their combat use. It is divided into missile, bomber, mine-torpedo,
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From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(AV) by the author TSBTorpedo and aircraft weapons
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From the book US Aircraft Carriers “Essex” author Ivanov S.V.Aircraft weapons The aircraft carrier Essex was designed to accommodate on board an air group consisting of five aviation squadrons of 18 aircraft each, plus ten reserve propeller-driven, heavier-than-air winged aircraft; for one
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From the book US Battleships. Part 2 author Ivanov S.V.Aircraft weapons All fast battleships of the US Navy were equipped with catapults for launching seaplanes. Two catapults were mounted at the stern, one on each side. The aircraft were loaded by crane. Seaplanes from battleships were used extremely
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From the book Aircraft Carrier of the Third Reich Graf Zeppelin - history, design, aircraft weapons author Chechin A. A.Aviation weapons Multi-purpose aircraft Ag 95 In the spring of 1935, the design department of the headquarters of the High Command of the Fleet (Oberkommando Reichsmarine) began work on an aircraft carrier, funds for which were included in the 1936 budget. At the same time, an assignment was issued for
§ 8. ARMAMENT OF TANK AND ANTI-TANK WEAPONS.
From the book Tanks and mechanical traction in artillery author Khlystov F L§ 8. ARMAMENT OF TANK AND ANTI-TANK WEAPONS. The armament of the tanks consists of machine guns and cannons. Currently, it is believed that all tanks, except the lightest ones, must, in addition to machine guns, have artillery weapons to combat enemy tanks and destroy
Aviation weapons include weapons that are installed on military aircraft and systems that ensure their combat use. It is divided into missile, bomber, mine-torpedo, small arms and cannon and special.
ROCKET WEAPONS includes air-to-air and air-to-surface missile systems. It can also include multiple launch rocket systems for destroying ground targets of NUR.
BOMBER WEAPONS includes bomber weapons (aircraft bombs, cluster bombs, clusters, etc.), sights and bomber installations. On modern aircraft, sights are part of sighting and navigation systems.
MINE-TORPEDO WEAPONS consists of aircraft torpedoes and mines (anti-personnel, anti-tank, naval), their suspension and release devices, and control devices. It is an integral part of aviation mining systems, which are designed to mine areas of land or sea at a great distance from friendly troops in an extremely short time.
TO SMALL AND CANNON WEAPONS include aircraft cannons and machine guns with their installations, ammunition for them, sighting and other support systems. Main characteristics: caliber of guns 20-45 mm, machine guns - 7.62-14.5 mm; rate of fire for guns is 300-1800 rounds/min, for machine guns – 600-3000 rounds/min (per 1 barrel); starting speed projectile (bullet) 700-1100 m/s; weight of guns 20-140 kg, machine guns - 8-25 kg; The effective firing range of cannons is up to 2000 m, machine guns - 500-1200 m. Fire support helicopters can also be equipped with grenade launchers.
SPECIAL AIRCRAFT WEAPONS has nuclear, chemical and other special ammunition as means of destruction.
Guided aircraft weapons, which include air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, guided bombs and clusters, are classified as precision weapons.
According to the unequivocal conclusion of a number of Western and Russian military experts, it is precisely thanks to the use precision weapons and funds electronic warfare In the first hours and days of the war in the Persian Gulf, the allies managed to disable Iraq's air defense system, military aviation airfields and the locations of the country's state and military leadership, which ultimately ensured the conquest of complete air superiority. Applying high-precision tools defeat, the allies blocked most of the Iraqi airfields and destroyed a significant number of warehouses of military equipment, ammunition and fuel and lubricants. Moreover, high-precision weapons accounted for only 7% of the total mass of used aviation ammunition. With little opposition from Iraq, their effectiveness was 90%, which is 3-4 times higher than the effectiveness of unguided weapons.
AIR-TO-SURFACE GUIDED MISSILES
Depending on the specific purpose, such missiles are divided into strategic and tactical.
STRATEGIC air-to-surface missiles are designed to destroy targeted, highly protected objects, mainly mines launchers intercontinental ballistic missiles, control points, communication centers deep behind enemy lines. The maximum launch range is from 1300 to 4500 km. Missiles, as a rule, are equipped with a nuclear warhead and control systems that guide them to the strike target with high accuracy(5-35 m).
Missiles are launched outside the range of air defense systems and have low radar signature, which significantly reduces the ability of air defense to detect and fire them.
1* For more information, see the “Applications” section.
TACTICAL air-to-surface missiles are used to destroy aircraft, missile defense and radar positions, command posts, fuel and ammunition depots, military equipment and ships at short and medium ranges. The maximum launch range is from 10 to 150 km. They are divided into general purpose, anti-ship, anti-radar and anti-tank missiles, have various guidance systems and are equipped with semi-armor-piercing, cumulative, penetrating, cluster, fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation warheads.
General purpose aircraft missiles are used to destroy openly located or poorly protected equipment and personnel, command posts, fuel and ammunition depots and other objects. The missile control in the initial and middle stages of the flight is predominantly radio command or inertial guidance, and in the final phase - homing (television, laser).
Anti-radar missiles are used to destroy radiation-based radars. They are aimed at the target using a radar seeker. During the initial and middle stages of the flight to the target, an inertial guidance system can be used.
Aviation anti-ship missiles designed to destroy surface ships at sea with conventional and nuclear charges. At the initial and middle stages of the flight, the missile guidance system is inertial, and at the final stage it is homing.
Aviation anti-tank guided missiles are used to destroy armored targets on the battlefield and, for the most part, are analogues of the corresponding missiles that are part of ground-based anti-tank missiles. missile systems, but adapted for use from helicopters and airplanes. Specialized aviation anti-tank missiles have also been developed, which are launched only from military aircraft. The use of aircraft anti-tank missiles is possible only with visual visibility of the target.
AIR-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILES
To successfully combat air targets in different conditions Aviation is armed with short-range (up to 15 km), medium-range (50-75 km) and long-range (200-240 km) missiles. They are the main means of destroying air targets, providing, compared to non-aircraft managed means higher probability of hitting targets in a wide range of operating conditions.
Modern missiles of this class use 3 guidance systems: combined (command-inertial and active radar), semi-active radar and passive infrared. Without exception, all missiles are aimed at the target using the proportional approach method; modern all-aspect air-to-air guided missiles, including those with an infrared seeker. They are equipped with high-explosive fragmentation and rod warheads weighing from 4 to 60 kg. Warheads are detonated by non-contact (radar, infrared, laser) and contact fuses.
Some experts still believe that the emergence of air-to-air missiles long range, improved electronic systems and reduced visibility of aircraft do not fundamentally change the nature of air combat. At one time, this point of view was reinforced by the fact that the SD did not live up to the hopes placed on them. However, the experience of combat use of aviation in Lately suggests that the situation has changed. The use of long-range missiles as the main armament of an aircraft has a great impact on the structure of requirements for the aircraft, since the main focus switches from close-in air combat to other types of combat.
In recent years, new (fourth) generation missile launchers have begun to enter service with tactical and front-line aircraft. Their main differences from existing ones are the range increased by 30-40%, higher average speed, increased maneuverability and hit accuracy by almost 2 times while reducing by 25-40% starting mass(which allows you to increase the ammunition load of one fighter), as well as the possibility of simultaneous launch on several targets. In addition, in the SD fourth generation, especially medium and long range, combined methods of targeting the target are used: command - at the initial stage and homing - at the final part of the trajectory. Fighter aircraft, taking into account the equipment of its new generation missile launchers, will almost double its effectiveness in air combat.
UNGUIDED AIRCRAFT MISSILES
Unguided aircraft missiles (UAR) occupy an important place in the weapon systems of tactical fighters, carrier-based attack aircraft and combat helicopters of all countries. They are intended to destroy ground, surface and air targets. Compared to guided weapons, NARs have low accuracy and a short effective firing range.
Structurally, all foreign rocket launchers are made approximately the same. They consist of three compartments: the bow, including combat unit and a fuse, motor and tail (consists of a nozzle block and tail unit) The destructive effect of the NAR is due to the characteristics of the warhead and the fuse.
AIRCRAFT BOMBS
The main purpose of aerial bombs is to destroy ground and sea targets.
These include: high-explosive, fragmentation, high-explosive, volumetric explosion, anti-tank, armor-piercing, concrete-piercing, anti-submarine, incendiary, high-explosive incendiary, chemical, etc. The caliber of aerial bombs (weight in kg) can be from 0.5 to 20,000 kg.
Auxiliary bombs are used to solve special problems (lighting the area, setting up smoke screens, scattering propaganda literature, signaling, etc.) educational purposes and so on.). These include: illuminating, photographic, smoke, imitation, propaganda, orientation and signaling, practical.
Guided aerial bombs (UAB) are designed to destroy mainly durable small-sized targets (bridges, crossings, command posts, reinforced concrete shelters). The release of these weapons at ranges of 10-65 km from the targets and guidance using television, thermal imaging, command and laser semi-active systems make it possible to ensure accurate strikes without entering the action zone facility funds Air defense.
Guided aviation cassettes (UAC) are used to destroy area and group targets (manpower, concentration of military equipment, airfields). They are divided into drop and non-drop and are equipped with cumulative, fragmentation, concrete-piercing, incendiary bombs and low-mass mines.
In the zone Persian Gulf widely used, in addition to other types of precision weapons, were UAB types GBU-10, -12, -15, -16, -23, -24 with laser and television guidance systems, and JP-233 aviation cassettes with concrete-piercing bombs and anti-vehicle mines. The following fact is indicative - 90% of UAB with a total mass of 6520 tons hit the intended targets, and 70% of unguided aerial bombs with a total weight of 81980 tons did not hit the attacked objects at all. Based on the results obtained, a clear conclusion was made about the advisability of increasing the pace of work to expand the range and combat effectiveness of high-precision weapons.
The volumetric explosion air bomb (ABOV) is designed to destroy concentrations of manpower, vulnerable military equipment, weak-strength structures, as well as for clearing minefields. A special feature of these bombs is that they are equipped with an explosive mixture consisting of ethylene oxide or propyl nitrate and other flammable substances. How bombs work of this type consists of creating an aerosol cloud from the fuel-air mixture and its subsequent detonation.
A propaganda aerial bomb (AGITAB) is equipped with a remote-action fuse, which is triggered at a given height and ensures the scattering of propaganda literature.
A concrete-piercing aerial bomb (BETAB) hits objects that have strong concrete or reinforced concrete protection (long-term fortifications and shelters, concrete runways). Weight 250-500 kg (in some cases up to 2000 kg). Structurally, it has one or two braking parachutes, booster and braking rocket engines and a warhead. Parachutes and engines ensure that bombs fall at the final stage with angles of more than 30-40° and a speed of 250-260 m/s. When it encounters an obstacle, the bomb penetrates it with a durable body or penetrates deeper into it, after which it explodes. For example, the GBU-28 aerial bomb, with a length of 6 m and a weight of 2000 kg, penetrates to a depth of 30 m and pierces reinforced concrete slabs more than 6 m thick.
An armor-piercing aerial bomb (APB) hits armored targets or objects with strong concrete or reinforced concrete protection. Weight 100-1000 kg. When it encounters an obstacle, it pierces it with a durable body and explodes inside the object.
An aerial smoke bomb (SAB) creates masking and blinding neutral (harmless) smoke screens. It is equipped with white phosphorus, which is scattered during an explosion within a radius of 10-15 m and burns, releasing a large number of white smoke.
An incendiary aerial bomb (IAB) creates fires and directly inflicts fire on manpower and military equipment. Weight 0.5-500 kg. Low-mass bombs are intended to strike industrial and residential buildings, ammunition and fuel depots and, as a rule, are filled with solid combustible mixtures based on oxides of various metals (for example, thermite), which create a combustion temperature of up to 3000 ° C. Large-caliber bombs are intended to destroy manpower, flammable structures, vehicles, aircraft and are filled with a flammable thickened substance (for example, napalm). Napalm powder is added to almost all bombs before being attached to an aircraft. ZAB are equipped with a fuse and igniters with white phosphorus. Upon impact with the ground, the thin-walled casing is destroyed, and napalm is scattered across the target's surface. At the same time, the fuses are triggered, the white phosphorus of the igniters mixes with napalm and spontaneously ignites.
Simulated aerial bomb (IAB) marks the center nuclear explosion when training troops. It is equipped with a bursting charge, liquid fuel, the flash of which simulates the glowing area of a nuclear explosion, and white phosphorus to create a mushroom-shaped smoke cloud.
An orientation signal bomb (OSAB) is used to designate the gathering area of groups of aircraft, flight route points, solving navigation and bombing tasks, signaling on land, water and in the air. It is equipped with pyrotechnic or special compositions, which, when burned, give smoke cloud(during the day) or flames of different colors (at night). For operation at sea, the OSAB is supplied with a fluorescent liquid: when the bomb hits the water, it spreads in the form of a thin film, forming a clearly visible spot - a signal point.
A fragmentation aerial bomb (FAB) hits open, unarmored or lightly armored targets (manpower, missiles in open positions, aircraft outside shelters, vehicles, etc.). Weight 0.5-100 kg. The main damage to manpower and equipment (formation of holes, ignition of fuel) is caused by fragments formed when the bomb body is crushed. To increase their number, the body may have notches (grooves) on the surface. A type of OAB is a ball aerial bomb (SHAB).
A high-explosive fragmentation bomb (HFAB) hits open, unarmored or lightly armored targets with both fragments and high explosive action. Weight 100-250 kg. OFAB are equipped with instant impact fuses or non-contact fuses, which operate at a height of 5-15 m.
The practical aerial bomb (PAB) is used to train flight personnel in bombing. It has a cast iron or cement (ceramic) body and is equipped with pyrotechnic compounds that indicate the point of its fall with a flash of photographic composition (at night) or a cloud of smoke (day). Some practical aerial bombs are equipped with tracer cartridges to mark their trajectory.
An anti-submarine bomb (SSBN) hits submarines. Its design resembles a high-explosive bomb. The head part of the hull may be shaped to reduce the possibility of ricocheting off the water surface. The fuse ensures that the bomb explodes when it hits a submarine or at a predetermined depth using a hydrostatic device.
An anti-tank air bomb (PTAB) hits tanks, self-propelled guns, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers and other objects with armor protection. The mass of modern PTABs is 0 5-5 kg. Their damaging effect is based on the use of a cumulative effect.
A flashing aerial bomb (SAB) illuminates the area for targeted bombing and visual reconnaissance at night. Equipped with one or more pyrotechnic torches with parachutes. When the remote fuse is triggered, the torch ignites and is thrown out with a parachute, slowly descending and illuminating the area for 5-7 minutes.
An adjustable (guided) aerial bomb (KAB) has a stabilizer, rudders, sometimes wings (a gliding aerial bomb), as well as controls that allow you to change the trajectory of its movement, make a controlled flight and hit a target with high accuracy. Control can be carried out by radio, laser beam, by homing, etc.
A photographic aerial bomb (FOTAB) is used to illuminate the area during night aerial photography. It is equipped with a photocomposition (for example, a mixture of aluminum-magnesium powders with oxidizing agents) and a bursting charge. A short flash (0.1-0.2 s) produces a light intensity of several billion kilojoules.
A high-explosive aerial bomb (FAB) is used to destroy various targets (military-industrial facilities, railway junctions, energy complexes, fortifications, manpower and military equipment) by a shock wave and partially by hull fragments. Weight 50-2000 kg (in some cases up to 10-20 thousand kg). The FAB can be equipped with instantaneous impact fuses (for targets located on the surface of the earth) and delayed ones (for objects destroyed by an explosion from the inside or buried).
A high-explosive incendiary bomb (FZAB) has a combined effect. She is charging explosive, pyrotechnic or other incendiary compositions.
A chemical aerial bomb (HAB) infects living forces with toxic substances. Although the use of toxic substances is prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925, HUBs are in service with the armies of some states. They are loaded with various toxic substances and equipped with remote (explosion at a height of 200 m) or non-contact (explosion at a height of 50 m) fuses. There are known HUBs with plastic housings weighing 0.4-0.9 kg, which do not have fuses (they break when they hit the ground).
Ball aerial bomb (SHAB) is a type of fragmentation aerial bomb, damaging elements which are steel or plastic balls. First used by the US Air Force during the Vietnam War.
AIRCRAFT GUN
Guns are installed on almost all combat aircraft and helicopters. At the same time, fighters are equipped primarily with fixed cannons of 20 and 27 mm caliber (less often 30 mm), multi-role tactical fighters and attack aircraft are equipped with mobile and fixed cannons of 30 mm caliber (less often 20 and 27 mm), and helicopters are equipped with cannons of 30 mm caliber. The bombers use 20 mm movable cannons as defensive weapons.
The effective firing range of guns is 90-250 m. Currently, in most foreign countries, preference is given to multi-barrel aircraft guns, which have a higher rate of fire. In parallel, the development of single-barreled guns with a relatively low rate of fire, but cheaper, more reliable and lighter, continues.
- - Aviation log NDP. Aviation timber Logs for the production of aircraft lumber See all terms GOST 17462-84. PRODUCTS OF THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Source: GOST 17462-84...
Faculty of Aviation Weapons “Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin" (Voronezh) is the successor of the historical heritage and continuer of the glorious traditions of the Faculty of Aviation Weapons of the Air Force Engineering Academy named after. NOT. Zhukovsky, as well as the faculties of aviation weapons of the Kyiv, Riga, Tambov, Irkutsk, Daugavpils and Stavropol higher military aviation engineering schools.
In April 1930, an aviation weapons specialty was created at the academy's engineering faculty. In February 1931, the first group of aviation weapons engineers was graduated and the Aviation Weapons cycle was created.
The Faculty of Aviation Weapons was formed as an independent division of the academy by order No. 196 of the Air Force of the Red Army named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky dated November 1, 1934.
In 1934, the faculty included 6 departments: bomber weapons, fire, small arms and cannon weapons, sights and instruments, ballistics, chemical protection.
In addition to the departments, the faculty included: a computer bureau, a design bureau, training workshops and the so-called fire laboratory. V.S. was appointed the first head of the faculty. Connert. The heads of the departments were professors D.A. Wentzel, E.L. Bravin, M.P. Soloviev, M.N. Nikolsky, S.S. Rukavishnikov and Z.P. Lyubimov
At the time of the organization of the faculty in 1934, there were two professors at the faculty, D.A. Wentzel, E.L. Bravin and one associate professor - V.S. Pugachev. In 1936, a new head came to the faculty - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor M.V. Gurevich.
Faculty scientists had a decisive influence on the development of aviation weapons in the pre-war period: N.G. Bruevich, V.S. Pugachev, D.A. Wentzel, E.D. Bravin, M.V. Gurevich, V.I. Sassaparelle, M.P. Soloviev, A.I. Arbuzov and others.
Since 1941, Colonel M.P. became the head of the faculty. Soloviev
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War The scientific and educational work of the faculty is being restructured on a military scale. Accelerated courses for training engineers are being formed. Faculty teachers solve practical problems to help the front, conduct serious design work. M.P. Soloviev and A.I. Arbuzov, together with the Air Force Research Institute, developed one of the methods of aiming from a dive, which was immediately introduced into combat practice. M.K. Tsvetkov developed a sight for the IL-2 attack aircraft. Faculty teacher G.A. Zhirnykh is the co-author of the NS-37 gun. Faculty teacher G.M. Mozharovsky is the author of a number of machine gun turrets. Head of the Department of Aviation Ammunition V.I. Sassaparilla had a decisive influence on solving the very pressing problem of using captured aerial bombs from domestic aircraft. The idea of G.I. Pokrovsky's concept of a cumulative explosion was immediately implemented in anti-tank bombs. In 1944, the faculty organized a specialization in the training of aviation missile weapons engineers and created a corresponding department headed by Associate Professor E.Ya. Grigoriev. Then the head of the department was Professor V.S. Pugachev.
At the end of the 50s, the faculty was headed by Colonel K.V. Slavic. During this period, interest in computer technology grew, and a department was created at the faculty. computer technology military use, led by Academician N.G. Bruevich.
Since 1970, for more than twenty years, the faculty has been headed by Major General D.I. Gladkov, during this period the faculty included nine departments, scientific schools created by academicians, doctors of sciences continued to develop: V.S. Pugachev, N.G. Bruevich, V.A. Protopopov, E.I. Zababakhin, G.I. Pokrovsky, D.A. Ventzelem, Yu.A. Kochetkov, L.Z. Kriksunov, I.E. Kazakov, R.S. Sarkisyan, L.N. Vorobyov, E.A. Kuveko, A.K. Ganulych, V.P. Sirnev.
At the turn of the century, the faculty was headed by Colonel A.I. Buravlev, Major General V.A. Konurkin, Colonel A.A. Morozov.
Among the graduates of the faculty, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, cosmonaut V.M. Komarov, four Heroes of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor, six laureates of the Lenin and State Prizes, four academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
High Creative skills, pedagogical skill, personal organization, hard work and determination of the founders of the scientific and pedagogical schools of the Faculty of Aviation Weapons of the VVIA named after. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky had a significant influence on the processes of formation, formation and development of aviation weapons departments in aviation engineering schools in Tambov, Daugavpils, Irkutsk, Stavropol. Talented students of the Faculty of Aviation Weapons of the VVIA named after. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky became continuers of traditions and shapers of new ones scientific directions: F.P. Miropolsky, A.E. Pryostanovo, A.M. Krasnov, S.P. Khripunov, M.I. Kanevsky (VVIA named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky), V.P. Shatov (Kiev VVAIU), V.I. Kinshchak (Riga VVAIU), B.M. Verveyko, Yu.N. Cherednichenko (Tambov VVAIU), S.M. Muzhichek (Daugavpils VVAIU), I.N. Lazovik (Irkutsk VVAIU), V.N. Zykov (Stavropol VVAIU).
Currently FACULTY OF AVIATION WEAPONS trains the following specialists:
Speciality: "INTEGRATED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS"
Qualification: engineer
Speciality: "ELECTRONICS AND AUTOMATION OF PHYSICAL INSTALLATIONS"
Qualification: engineer-physicist
Training period: 5 years
The activities of faculty graduates are related to technical operation aviation weapons of aircraft and helicopters of the aviation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, including aviation assets destruction, missile and bomber installations, aircraft sighting systems, weapon control systems, as well as ground technical means.
Graduates are appointed to the positions of group chief and aviation technical detachment engineer.
Speciality: "LOGISTRY SUPPORT"
Qualification: specialist
Training period: 5 years
The military professional activity of an officer is related to effective management organizing the provision of aviation weapons and aviation technical equipment to aviation units and subunits.
Graduates of the specialty perform duties in the aviation armament services of military units, departments of arsenals, and central bases. The primary positions are the head of the aviation weapons service and the head of the aviation technical service.
Head of the 8th Faculty of Aviation Weapons, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Colonel Ashurkov Andrey Alexandrovich
Born on July 6, 1968 in Michurinsk. In 1993, he graduated from the Faculty of Aviation Weapons of the Tambov Higher Military Aviation Engineering School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky. After graduating from college, he served in engineering, technical and teaching positions. Since 2008, head of the Faculty of Aviation Weapons of the Military educational and scientific center Air Force“Air Force Academy named after Professor N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin" (Voronezh). Author of more than 50 scientific and scientific-methodological works, 10 patents for inventions.