Atmospheric pressure. General atmospheric circulation – Knowledge Hypermarket

Solution

The city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located closest to the direction of the cold front.

Answer: 4.
Task 3, 4 are carried out using the weather map below (Fig. 29).

Fig.29 . Weather map

Task 3. Which of the listed cities shown on the map (Fig. 29) is located in the anticyclone action zone?

1) Tyumen 2) Salekhard 3) Novosibirsk 4) Chita

Solution

1. Anticyclone – high pressure in the center.

2. Only the city of Chita is in the anticyclone zone. The cities of Tyumen, Salekhard, and Novosibirsk are located in the cyclone's action zone.

1) Tyumen 2) Novosibirsk 3) Krasnoyarsk 4) Irkutsk

Solution

The city of Tyumen is located closest to the direction of the cold front.

Answer: 1.
Task 5, 6 are carried out using the weather map below (Fig. 30).

Rice.30 . Weather map

Task 5. Which of the listed cities shown on the map (Fig. 30) is located in the cyclone's area of ​​influence?

1) Irkutsk 2) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

3) Ulan-Ude 4) Chita

Solution

1. Cyclone – low pressure in the center.

2. Only the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is in the cyclone’s area of ​​influence. The cities of Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, and Chita are located in the anticyclone zone.

1) Dudinka 2) Irkutsk

3) Chita 4) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Solution

The city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is located closest to the direction of the cold front.

Answer: 4.
Task 7. Determine which letter on the map indicates the point whose climatogram is shown in Figure 31.

Fig.31 . Climatogram and map

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Solution

1. Point A - c temperate zone, point B – in subtropical, point C – in temperate, point D – in subtropical zone.

2. The most high temperature in July and equal to 24° C, the lowest temperature in January is –3° C. Thus, the point is located in the northern hemisphere.

3. Precipitation does not fall evenly, most in the autumn months.

Thus, the point should be located in the subtropical zone of the northern hemisphere. This is point B.

Fig.32 . Climatogram and map

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Solution

1. Point A is in the subtropical zone, point B is in the temperate zone, point C is in the temperate zone, point D is in the subtropical zone.

2. The highest temperature in December and January is 22° C, the lowest temperature in July is 10° C. Thus, the point is located in the southern hemisphere.

3. Precipitation does not fall evenly, most of it falls from March to May.

Thus, the point should be located in the subtropical zone of the southern hemisphere. This is point D.

The data they collected is presented in the following table 10.

Table 10

1) Ivan: The closer to the Atlantic, the warmer it is in July.

3) Sergey: The higher the point is located, the more often precipitation falls there.

Solution

We cannot agree with Ivan’s conclusion, because... at the easternmost point +21.9 °C, and at the western point +18.3 °C.

Sasha’s conclusion is also not correct, because at point A the amplitude is 28 °C, at point B – 32.6 °C, at point C – 33.8 °C, at point D – 36.7 °C, therefore the amplitude increases.

Sergey’s conclusion: the table does not show us the dynamics of loss atmospheric precipitation.

Peter's conclusion is correct, because in the most southeastern point G the January temperature is –14.8 °C, when moving to the northwest the January temperature rises, so at point B –13.2 °C, at point B it is even warmer –12.8 °C, in in the most northwestern point of A the temperature is even higher -9.7 °C.

Table 11

Students analyzed the collected data to identify the relationship between climate features and geographical location point. All students had different conclusions. Which student drew the correct conclusion based on the data presented?

1) Masha: The air temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

2) Dasha: The air temperature in Russia decreases when moving from east to west.

3) Sasha: In winter, the length of the day decreases when moving from south to north.

4) Misha: In winter, the length of the day increases when moving from east to west.

Solution

We cannot agree with Masha’s conclusion; the lowest area is in the city of Adler, where average temperature air +9 °C. The city of Abakan – the altitude of the area is 245 m, and the average air temperature is –33 °C. The highest point is the settlement of Aginskoye, and the average air temperature is only –16 °C.

Dasha's conclusion is incorrect.

Alexander’s conclusion is correct, because The length of the day decreases when moving from south to north, and beyond the Arctic Circle the polar night occurs.

Answer: 3.
IV. Tasks for independent work on topic 2.3.

Tasks 1, 2 are carried out using the weather map below (Fig. 33).

Fig.33 . Weather map

Task 1. Which of the listed cities shown on the map (Fig. 33) is located in the anticyclone action zone?

1) Anadyr 2) Magadan

3) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 4) Ulan-Ude

Task 2. The weather map was compiled for August 21 (Fig. 33). Which of the cities shown on the map is likely to experience significant cold temperatures the next day?

1) Vladivostok 2) Irkutsk

3) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 4) Ulan-Ude
Tasks 3, 4 are carried out using the weather map below (Fig. 34).

Fig.34 . Weather map

Task 3. Which of the listed cities shown on the map (Fig. 34) is located in the anticyclone action zone?

1) Kaliningrad 2) St. Petersburg

3) Voronezh 4) Tyumen

Task 4. The weather map was compiled for January 1 (Fig. 34). Which of the cities shown on the map is likely to experience a significant drop in air temperature the next day?

1) Arkhangelsk 2) Petrozavodsk

3) Kaliningrad 4) Omsk
Tasks 5, 6 are carried out using the weather map below (Fig. 35).

Fig.35 . Weather map

Task 5. Which of the listed cities shown on the map (Fig. 35) is located in the cyclone's area of ​​influence?

1) Ekaterinburg 2) St. Petersburg

3) Orenburg 4) Tyumen

Task 6. The weather map was compiled for January 1 (Fig. 35). Which of the cities shown on the map is likely to experience a significant increase in air temperature the next day?

1) St. Petersburg 2) Petrozavodsk

3) Kaliningrad 4) Omsk
Task 7. Determine which letter on the map indicates the point whose climatogram is shown in Figure 36.

Fig.36. Climatogram and map

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Fig.37. Climatogram and map

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Table 12

Students analyzed the collected data in order to identify the relationship between climate characteristics and the geographical location of the point. All students had different conclusions. Which student drew the correct conclusion based on the data presented?

2) Sergey: “The further west you go, the hotter it is in July.”

4) Alexey: “The higher the point is located, the more often precipitation falls there.”

The data they collected is presented in the following table 13.

Table 13

Students analyzed the collected data in order to identify the relationship between climate characteristics and the geographical location of the point. All students had different conclusions. Which student drew the correct conclusion based on the data presented?

1) Masha: The higher the point is located, the more precipitation it receives.

2) Dasha: the higher the point is located, the colder it is in January.

3) Ivan: the amount of precipitation increases when moving from east to west.

4) Sergey: The air temperature in January decreases when moving from south to north.

Task 1. 4.

Task 2. 3.

Task 3. 4.

Task 4. 3.

Task 5. 2.

Task 6. 2.

Task 7. 3.

Task 8. 2.

Task 9. 1.

Atmospheric precipitation is one of the meteorological elements, highly dependent on a number of local landscape features.

Let us, however, try to trace what conditions influence their distribution.

First of all, it is necessary to note the air temperature. Temperature decreases from the equator to the poles; Consequently, both the intensity of evaporation and the moisture capacity of the air decrease in the same direction. In cold areas, evaporation is small, and cold air unable to dissolve a lot of water vapor; therefore, during condensation, a large amount of precipitation cannot be released from it. In warm areas, strong evaporation and high moisture capacity of the air lead to condensation of water vapor copious discharge precipitation. Thus, a pattern must inevitably appear on Earth, namely that in warm regions there is especially a lot of precipitation, while in cold regions there is little of it. This pattern actually manifests itself, but, like other phenomena in nature, it is complicated, and in some places completely obscured by a number of other influences and, above all, atmospheric circulation, the nature of the distribution of land and sea, relief, altitude above ocean level and sea currents.

Knowing the conditions necessary for the condensation of water vapor, it is possible to predict how atmospheric circulation affects the distribution of precipitation. Since air is a carrier of moisture, and its movement covers vast spaces on Earth, this inevitably leads to smoothing out differences in the amount of precipitation caused by temperature distribution in areas where the air experiences rises (above the equator, in cyclones, on the windward slopes of mountain ranges), an environment favorable for precipitation is created, and all other factors become subordinate. In those places where downward air movements predominate (in subtropical highs, in anticyclones in general, in the area of ​​trade winds, on the leeward slopes of mountains, etc.), there is much less precipitation.

It is generally accepted that the amount of precipitation in a given area in high degree depends on its proximity to the sea or distance from the sea. In fact, there are many examples when very dry areas of the Earth are located on the ocean coasts and, conversely, far from the sea, inland (as, for example, on the eastern slope of the Andes in the upper reaches of the Amazon), rain falls. huge amount precipitation. The point here is not so much the distance from the sea, but the nature of atmospheric circulation and surface structure, i.e., the absence or presence of mountain ranges that interfere with the movement of air masses carrying moisture. During the southwest monsoon in India, air masses pass over the Thar Desert without irrigating it with rain, since the flat terrain does not impede the movement of air, and the heated desert has a rather drying effect on the air masses. But the same monsoon on the windward slope of the Western Ghats, not to mention the southern slopes of the Himalayas, leaves a huge amount of moisture.

The need to distinguish orographic precipitation into a special type indicates the extremely important role of the structure of the earth's surface in the distribution of precipitation. True, in this case, as in all others, the relief matters not only in itself, as a mechanical obstacle, but in combination with absolute height and atmospheric circulation.

Penetration of warm sea ​​currents in high latitudes contributes to the formation of precipitation due to the fact that warm currents associated cyclonic circulation of the atmosphere. Cold currents have the opposite effect, since high pressure spurs usually develop above them.

Of course, none of these factors affects the distribution of precipitation independently of the others. In each case, the loss of atmospheric moisture is regulated by a complex and sometimes contradictory interaction of both general and local agents. However, if we ignore the details, the main conditions that determine the placement of precipitation in the landscape envelope still include temperature, general atmospheric circulation and relief.

The system of air movement over continents and oceans under the influence of solar energy is called atmospheric circulation. As a result of uneven heating of the earth's surface, as well as the influence of the deflecting force of the Earth's rotation around its axis, belts with different atmospheric pressure are formed. Air moves from zones with higher atmospheric pressure to zones with lower atmospheric pressure. This is the main reason for atmospheric circulation.

It must be taken into account that atmospheric pressure belts can shift according to the seasons of the year. This is influenced by differences in the heating of continents and oceans. In summer, continents warm faster and more than oceans; warm light air rushes upward, creating a rarefied space above the surface of the continent - the pressure decreases. Therefore, air moves from the oceans, where there is higher pressure, to land, where there is low pressure. In winter, on the contrary, the land cools faster, but the ocean remains long time warmer, and air moves from land to sea. It should also be noted that the Northern Hemisphere heats up more in summer and less in winter. Therefore, pressure belts shift north in summer and south in winter. This is also reflected in the movement of air between the belts.

In equatorial latitudes, due to high solar radiation throughout the year, the pressure is always low. This is explained by the fact that the air heated from the earth’s surface above the equator constantly rises (rising air currents) and spreads north and south of the equator towards tropical latitudes. Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, moving air is deflected to the east. In the upper layers of the troposphere at an altitude of 10-12 km, it gradually cools. Over the tropics between 20 and 30 s. and Yu. w. The air that has cooled at altitude begins to descend (downward air currents). Therefore, in tropical latitudes, the air, descending, forms increased pressure in the ground layer (near the surface). Here throughout the year there are continuous belts of high pressure.

In the polar latitudes, over the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland, and the drifting ice fields of the Arctic, low air temperatures and high pressure are observed throughout the year (the air is cold and heavy).

From high pressure belts (tropical and polar latitudes), air at the Earth's surface moves to moderate latitudes. Here it heats up and rises. As a result, low pressure belts form in the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres.

Thus, the distribution of atmospheric pressure over the earth's surface has a pronounced zonal character. Belts of low (equatorial and temperate) and high pressure (tropical and polar) are formed on Earth. The resulting pressure belts cause air to move into different latitudes, over land and sea, and determine the general circulation of the atmosphere (Fig. 10).

Constant and seasonal winds

Distribution of high and low pressure on Earth causes the emergence of constant winds - trade winds, western winds temperate latitudes, polar east winds, seasonal winds- monsoons.

Winds of tropical latitudes

Trade winds- these are the winds that blow all year round mainly over the ocean from the tropics of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to the equator, i.e., from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure (see Fig. 10). Under the influence of the Earth's rotation around its axis, the trade winds deviate in the Northern Hemisphere to the right, i.e., they blow from northeast to southwest, and in the Southern Hemisphere they deviate to the left and are directed from southeast to northwest.

Temperate winds

From tropical high pressure zones, air flows not only to the equator, but also to temperate latitudes, where low pressure predominates. Due to the rotation of the Earth air currents gradually deviate to the east. So they buy mainly western direction. Such winds, which act constantly, are called westerly winds. They intensify in winter time and provide westerly air transport throughout the year.

Winds of the polar regions

In the polar regions of the Earth, air moves from the polar high pressure areas towards the low pressure of the temperate latitudes. These are the predominant northeast winds in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast winds in the Southern Hemisphere. Under the influence of the Earth's rotation, the winds intensify and take east direction(from where they blow) and contribute to the general eastern transfer of air. Antarctic winds, unlike Arctic ones, are stable and have high speeds.

Seasonal winds

The constant general circulation of the atmosphere is disrupted seasonal circulation. Unlike constant winds, seasonal air movement is associated with meridional air movement and is caused by temperature differences between land and sea and unequal pressure above them. Such seasonal winds, changing their direction twice a year are called monsoons. The summer monsoons blow from cool, high-pressure oceans onto warm, low-pressure continents. They bring cool, moisture-rich air and cause precipitation. The winter monsoon blows from continents with high pressure to the ocean with low pressure. It carries cold and dry air, partly cloudy dry weather (Fig. 11). The effect of extratropical monsoons manifests itself in the eastern parts of the continents, where they are adjacent to vast expanses of oceans (on Far East Russia, in, Alaska). (Find on the atlas map the areas of influence of the trade winds, westerly winds, polar eastern winds, and monsoons.)

In the tropical latitudes of the Earth, monsoons are associated with differences in temperature and pressure in winter and summer between the North and Southern hemispheres. They promote the exchange of air between the hemispheres ( Tropical Africa north of the equator, East Africa south of the equator, Hindustan, Indochina, Eastern China etc.).

Distribution of precipitation on Earth

Atmospheric precipitation on the earth's surface is distributed unevenly (Fig. 12). Main reasons uneven distribution precipitation - air temperature and general atmospheric circulation. The distribution of precipitation on Earth also depends on the position of the territory relative to the World Ocean, the proximity of warm or cold currents, and relief. (Study the factors of precipitation distribution on the globe.)

Air temperature and general atmospheric circulation determine zonal precipitation.

For equatorial belt typical maximum quantity precipitation - up to 2000 mm per year. On the slopes of some mountains, up to 6000-7000 mm falls, and, for example, on the slopes of the Cameroon volcano (Africa) - 10,000 mm. Large quantity precipitation is due to high humidity, as well as the dominance of rising air currents, which favor the formation of clouds. Absolute maximum precipitation occurs in the foothills of the Himalayas (Cherrapunji - 12,000 mm). IN tropical zones the least amount of precipitation falls per year (100-250 mm). These are the Sahara, the deserts of Arabia, Western Australia and other territories globe. The minimum amount is typical for the Atacama Desert (0.01 mm). Particularly poor in precipitation west coasts continents washed by cold currents (Peruvian, Californian, Benguela, Western Australian). The eastern coasts of continents in the tropics (Florida, southeastern parts of Asia and Africa, Eastern Australia) are irrigated by rain brought by trade winds and monsoons.

In temperate latitudes, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure, the amount of precipitation increases. A significant amount of precipitation in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is associated with westerly winds. However, there are differences due to large area continents. In the west ( Western Europe, northwest North America, western slopes Andes) under the influence of marine air masses, precipitation reaches 2000-3000 mm or more. In the central part, precipitation ranges from 600 mm in the west to 300 mm in the east. In monsoon areas ( east coasts North America and Eurasia) precipitation increases to 1000 mm.

Cold regions of polar latitudes in both hemispheres are characterized by low precipitation (less than 250 mm). The main reasons are weak solar radiation, low air temperatures, negligible amount of evaporation.

Throughout the Earth, 520 thousand km3 of precipitation falls annually. Of these, over the oceans - 79% and over land - 21%. In the region of the equator there is a lot of precipitation, almost half of all precipitation on Earth. In tropical and polar zones(in areas of high pressure) there is little precipitation - most tropical and arctic deserts globe.

Constant winds form above the earth's surface - trade winds (in tropical latitudes), westerly winds (in temperate latitudes), easterly winds in the polar regions and seasonal winds - monsoons. In zones of low atmospheric pressure there is a lot of precipitation, and in zones of high atmospheric pressure there is little precipitation.