It's called annexation. The meaning of the word "annexation"
1 . (lat. annexio) - violence. annexation (seizure) of foreign territory. Sov. state in one of its first decrees - the decree on peace, drawn up by V.I. Lenin and adopted by the 2nd Congress of Soviets on October 26. (8 Nov.) 1917, condemned A., defining it as “... any annexation to a large or strong state of a small or weak nationality without the precisely, clearly and voluntarily expressed consent and desire of this nationality, regardless of when this is a forced annexation committed, also regardless of how developed or backward the nation is forcibly annexed or forcibly retained within the borders of a given state" (Lenin V.I., Soch., vol. 26, p. 218). A. can be expressed in the annexation of the entire territory. states (the capture and annexation of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States in 1898, the seizure of Korea by Japan in 1910, and Austria by Germany in 1938) or part of the territory (Alsace and Lorraine by Germany in 1870). Examples of A. are also numerous. colonial conquests of the imperialist state (the seizure of the Congo by Belgium in 1879-85, by Italy - Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in 1911 and Ethiopia in 1936, etc.). USSR and other socialist states are resolutely opposed to aggression in all its forms and manifestations. 2 . Boris Vladimirovich (1890-1927) - officer of the Cossack troops of the tsarist army. During the civil period war 1918-20 A., as a White Guard chieftain, acted with incredible cruelty in the East. Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In May 1920, A. with part of his gang fled to the West. China. In 1926 he returned to the USSR. Due to the severity of the crimes he committed earlier, according to the verdict of the military. the tribunal was shot. Lit.: Pavlovsky P.I., Annenkovshchina, M. - L., 1928; Ryklin G., Bloody Ataman, M., 1927. 3 . Pavel Vasilievich (19.VI.1813 - 18.III.1887) - Russian. publicist, literary critic and critic. Simbirsk landowner. I took a course in St. Petersburg. un-those. By conviction he is a moderate liberal. In the 40-50s. belonged to the Westerners. He was close to V. G. Belinsky, I. S. Turgenev, A. I. Herzen, V. P. Botkin. Traveled a lot in the West. Europe. He was personally acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels. A.'s correspondence with Marx regarding Proudhon's "Philosophy of Poverty" (1846-47) is known. From the end 60s lived primarily abroad, where he died. Memoirs of A. “A Wonderful Decade. 1838-1848” (1880), the book “N.V. Stankevich” (1857) - valuable sources on Russian history. society thoughts. Means. of interest is journalistic. A.'s heritage: "Letters from Abroad" (1841-43), "Paris Letters" (1847-48), memories of the 1848 Revolution in France, as well as "Provincial Letters" (1849-51) - everyday and ethnographic. essays from the life of Kazan and Simbirsk provinces. He laid the foundation for the collection and publication of lit. inheritance of A.S. Pushkin. In the field of lit. critics adhered to the theory " pure art". Works: Memoirs and critical essays. Collection of articles and notes, vol. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1877-81; P. V. Annenkov and his friends. Literary memoirs and correspondence of 1835-85, St. Petersburg, 1892; Lit. memoirs, M., 1960; P. V. Annenkov about V. G. Belinsky. Letters to A. N. Pypin, in the book: LN, vol. 67, M., 1959. Lit.: Marx. K. and Engels F., Correspondence with Russian political figures, 2nd ed., (M.), 1951; Yazykov D. D., Review of the life and works of late Russian writers, v. S. A., Critical-biographical dictionary of Russian writers and scientists, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1889; Prutskov N. I., “Aesthetic” criticism (Botkin, Druzhinin, Annenkov), in the book: History of Russian criticism. , vol. 1, M. - L., 1958, chapter 13. R. G. Eymontova.
The term "annexation" implies a type of aggression by one country towards another, during which their territories may be united. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish the concept in question with another common term - occupation, which implies the abolition of the legal affiliation of the captured territory.
Examples of annexation
A striking example is the events in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where annexation occurred - this is the occupation of these lands by Austria in the 19th century, which could only mean one thing - the weakening of the influence of Austrian supremacy with the subsequent return of certain legal freedoms to them (for example, the return of the right to bear the previous name ). Another example is US annexation Hawaiian Islands. We must not forget about such an event as the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany or the annexation of Crimea by Russia. This concept served as a result of the implementation of a policy of aggressive nature by a stronger country in relation to a state that was an order of magnitude weaker.
The history of annexation in Russia
Thus, annexation is, in accordance with international law, the unlawful forcible annexation and seizure by one country of the territory of another. In Russia, this concept was first encountered in the 19th century and it meant the annexation of a region or region to another state. At the same time, there is no at least formally announced act of refusal by the former owner of this territory (the state). Synonyms for this term were “annexation” and “annexation”.
Annexation - a gross violation of rights?
Annexation constitutes a gross violation of international rights. The invalidity of such territorial seizures, which are the result of annexation, is indicated by certain international agreements and acts. For example, this is the verdict of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal (1946), as well as the UN Declaration regulating the inadmissibility of interference in the internal affairs of countries, the Declaration designating and relating to areas of cooperation and friendly relations between states (1970). The act (Final Act) also speaks about the inadmissibility of annexation.
Contribution is a related concept
Annexation and indemnity - often these two concepts closely interact with each other. Thus, the second term implies the imposition of certain payments on the defeated country.
In 1918, after the First World War, a “peace without annexations and indemnities” was proposed. However, as for Russia, this state was imposed unfavourable conditions peace, subject to settlement only by 1922. Thus, such a world, based on historical reality, cannot exist. Based on the definition of the word, annexation is a kind of continuation of aggressive actions, although not the same as during the war years.
Occupation concept
Annexation must be distinguished from occupation. Thus, annexation is the implementation of certain actions that do not entail changes in the legal ownership of the territory. As mentioned above, an example is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was occupied by Austria-Hungary and annexed by it only in 1908. Before the specified period this state formally belonged to the Ottoman Empire.
IN AND. Lenin on annexation
Lenin also gave a definition to this concept. In his opinion, annexation is a forced annexation, foreign national oppression, expressed in the annexation of foreign territory.
Negative consequences of indemnity
The concept of indemnity has already been used above, meaning the forced collection of payments or property seizures from the defeated state at the end of hostilities. The basis of indemnity is such a concept as “the right of the winner.” This principle is used regardless of the existence of justice in the conduct of the war by the victorious state. The amount, forms and conditions of payment of indemnity are determined by the winner. This concept arose as a means by which the population of a defeated state or city in a unique way bought off possible plunder.
History leads vivid examples use of indemnity. Thus, to ensure restrictions on the unbridled robbery of the population within the framework of the articles Hague Convention in 1907, the amount of collection was limited. However, during the two world wars, these articles were quite grossly violated. indicating protection civilian population in 1949, there was no provision for collection. The Entente states, in the process of creating the Versailles Peace Treaty, signed in 1919, were also forced to abandon this type of income, but replaced it with reparations. In 1947, principles were established to prevent the use of indemnities. It is being replaced, as mentioned above, by reparations, substitutions, restitutions and other types of material responsibilities countries
Annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany
Turning to the events of World War II, it is necessary to note Hitler’s consistency in achieving his goals. Therefore, if Western politicians had taken his statements seriously, then timely measures could have stopped Hitler much earlier. But facts are an indisputable thing. Thus, after the annexation of the Sudetenland by Hitler, a decision was made to occupy all of Czechoslovakia. This step allowed the German politician, in addition to economic benefits, to also gain a geopolitical advantage in the eastern part of Europe, which contributed to the successful conduct of military operations in Poland and the Balkans.
In order for the seizure of Czechoslovakia to be bloodless, it was necessary to destroy the Czechoslovak statehood. Hitler made more than one statement about the need for warning European war. However, after the events in Munich, the German politician began to understand that such a subsequent crisis could only end in war. At the same time, any “flirts” with London also lost their meaning.
Among the latest attempts at diplomacy is the signing of an agreement with France, which guaranteed the inviolability of the relevant borders. This was a kind of addition to the Munich Anglo-German Declaration, designed to ensure short-term peace for Germany on the western flank. And from the position of Paris, these agreements marked initial stage a completely new stage in European diplomacy.
However, Hitler was completely occupied with Czechoslovakia. It was Germany that carried out provocations of separatism. The government in Prague made the last attempts to save the remnants of statehood. Thus, he dissolved the Slovak and Rusyn (Transcarpathia) governments, and also introduced martial law on the territory of Slovakia. This situation in this territory completely suited Hitler. Thus, in 1939, Slovak Catholic leaders (Jozef Tiso and Ferdinand Durkansky) were invited to Berlin, where the prepared documents were signed, proclaiming the independence of Slovakia. At the same time, the Reich was called upon to take the new state under its protection. Thus, the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany was carried out.
- (from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space located in common use international community(Antarctica... Political science. Dictionary.
annexation- and annexation f. The forced political annexation of a country or part of it to another country. Ush. 1935. Forcible annexation, seizure of all or part of the territory belonging to another state or people, as well as ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
See attachment 2 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. annexation noun, number of synonyms: 3 ... Synonym dictionary
annexation- annexation. Pronounced [annexation] and acceptable [annexation]... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language
- (from Latin annexio annexation) forcible annexation of the territory of another state. International law prohibits A. as a violation of principles territorial integrity, inviolability and inviolability of state borders... Legal dictionary
From Latin annexuo, English annexation, the seizure or annexation by force of the territory of another state by one state. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms
- (from the Latin annexio annexation), a type of aggression, the forcible annexation (seizure) of all or part of the territory of another state or people, as well as the forcible retention of a people within the borders of another state... Modern encyclopedia
- (from Latin annexio annexation) a type of aggression, forcible annexation (seizure) of all or part of the territory of another state or people, as well as the forcible retention of a nationality within the borders of a foreign state... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
Annexation, annexation or annexation (lat.) annexation, appropriation. This name denotes the annexation of a region or territory to another state, not based on a formal act of abdication of the former sovereign. IN modern times… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- [ane], annexation, female. (from Lat. annexo I bind) (polit.). The forced political annexation of a country or part of it to another country. A world without annexations and indemnities. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
ANNEXATION, and, female. (book). Forcible annexation of a state or part of it to another state. | adj. annexation, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
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- , A. G. Lozhkin. The monograph analyzes latest research little-studied aspects foreign policy USSR, a contradictory process is shown and heated debate on the Sovietization of countries and territories in the 1920s...
- Intervention, annexation and Sovietization in the foreign policy of the USSR: historical and legal aspects of the latest research, Lozhkin A.G.. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology.
The monograph analyzes the latest research into little-studied aspects of the USSR’s foreign policy,... 1) Annexation - (from Latin annexio -) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, and of space that is in common use of the international community (the bottom of the World Ocean beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, etc.). the legality of annexation follows from the UN Charter, which prohibits or threats against the territorial integrity, integrity and states Annexation is an aggressive foreign policy of states embracing extremist ideology (- "" Austria, Nazi Germany).
2) Annexation- (Latin annexio) - the forced and legal annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, and of space that is in common use of the international community (the bottom of the World Ocean beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, etc.). A. constitutes a gross violation of fundamental norms international law. The illegality of A. follows from the fundamental provisions of the UN Charter, according to which threats “against territorial integrity or political independence” are prohibited. Changes state border are considered legal if they are carried out on the basis of equal and voluntary treaties between politically sovereign countries.
3) Annexation- Capture, forceful territory of a state (or part of it) to another state, which is gross violation norms of international law, the principle of national self-determination, violation of the interests and will of the population of the annexed territory.
Annexation
(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). The legality of annexation follows from the UN Charter, which prohibits the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity, integrity and political independence of states. Annexation is part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology ( classic example- "Anschluss" of Austria by Nazi Germany).
(Latin annexio annexation) - the forced and illegal annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). A. constitutes a gross violation of basic norms of international law. The illegality of A. follows from the fundamental provisions of the UN Charter, according to which the use of force or the threat of force “against territorial integrity or political independence” is prohibited. Changes to the state border are considered legal if they are carried out on the basis of equal and voluntary agreements between politically sovereign countries.
Seizure, forcible annexation of the territory of a state (or part of it) to another state, which is a gross violation of international law, the principle of national self-determination, violation of the interests and will of the population of the annexed territory.