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All humanity faces the most important task - preserving the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species associated with it.
From the very moment man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more a person developed, the more influence he had on environment Earth. How does man influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?
Negative points
There are both pros and cons of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of harmful things:
- Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
- Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
- Reduction in population numbers due to the expansion of fields for fields through deforestation (animals, deprived of their normal habitat, die).
- The destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
- and water by diverse people themselves. For example, in Pacific Ocean There is a “dead zone” where a huge amount of garbage floats.
Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water
The change in nature under human influence is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth are severely affected, and water resources are polluted.
Typically, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is difficult. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds in.
Every year, ocean currents bring in millions of tons of trash. This is a real disaster.
Negative influence Deforestation on mountain slopes also has an impact. They become bare, which contributes to erosion and, as a result, the soil loosens. And this leads to devastating collapses.
Pollution occurs not only in the oceans, but also fresh water. Every day, thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste.
And they are contaminated with pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
The terrible consequences of oil spills, mining
Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But that's not the worst thing. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of water - approximately 20 m 2 of water. This is destructive for all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to slow death, because it prevents the access of oxygen to the water. This is also a direct influence of man on the nature of the Earth.
People extract minerals from the depths of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, etc. Such industrial production, along with cars, emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in huge quantities, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from deadly ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But that's a lot.
Such warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the world's oceans, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem- the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disrupted. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.
Benefit people
It should be noted that people bring certain benefits, and considerable ones.
From this point of view, it is necessary to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.
In many vast areas of the Earth different countries organized protected areas, reserves and parks - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, a positive one. Such protected areas people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna.
Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species are necessarily included in the man-made Red Book, according to which fishing and collection of them is prohibited.
People also create artificial water channels and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase
Planting of diverse vegetation is also carried out on a large scale.
Ways to solve emerging problems in nature
To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, to have an active influence of man on nature (positive).
And as for biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (harvested) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.
It is also necessary to continue work on organizing nature reserves and planting forests.
Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive human impact on nature. All this is necessary for the benefit of oneself.
After all, the well-being of human life, like all biological organisms, depends on the state of nature. Now all humanity faces the most the main problem- creation of a favorable state and sustainability of the living environment.
With the emergence of life on earth, the spread of living beings, and changes in topography, one can observe the influence of man and nature on each other. It is worth noting that in ancient centuries this influence was not so significant, because the world was a kind of helper, a way of survival for ancient people. With the development of intelligence and civilization, the pressure on the environment gradually increased. And today it has reached such a point that people look at their future with caution.
From the famous Kazakh writer Olzhas Suleimenov There is a poem “Earth, bow to man!” It should be recognized that the earth, having not withstood many years of struggle, has long been at the feet of man.
However, it is unfair to say that there are only negative impacts on nature, and a considerable number of positive ones as well.
Positive influence of man on nature
- To protect and preserve natural resources have been created for a century now nature reserves and sanctuaries. By prohibiting all human activity in such areas of the territory, states are able to carry through time the original views and landscapes created by nature. Yes, on the territory Caucasian Nature Reserve The Elbrus and Kazbek mountains are located in the Russian Federation, on the slopes of which there is snow all the time. And the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve is truly an amazing sight.
- Intensive creation and use of irrigation systems. What are these systems? Irrigation is available a set of measures that allows water to be delivered to dry areas of our planet. The most simple example Irrigation is used by watering beds in vegetable gardens and dachas. But if we talk about large volumes of land that need watering, today a number of technical structures have been invented that are striking in their architecture.
- Beneficial human activities include invention of powerful cleaning structures for retention of organic and mineral waste. They are widely used in industry, sewerage structures, and production stations.
- Optimal use of agricultural land refer to important tasks environmental management today. Rational and efficient use of land includes a number of measures that can prevent soil depletion and contamination; save and increase useful qualities and properties.
Negative influence of humanity
- Air pollution toxic substances, main source which industrial enterprises and cars. Due to release into the atmosphere industrial waste, such as carbon and nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, the living shell of the Earth suffers, including man himself. About four million people die every year from air pollution.
- Sometimes trying to help, humanity causes considerable harm. An example of such assistance is soil fertilization. Thus, there is a possibility that due to the use of potassium and phosphorus fertilizers in the soil, the concentration of radioactive substances significantly increases. Hoarding and lack of proper processing household waste also destroys soil cover. The surface layer of the earth suffers from industrial waste, toxic emissions into the atmosphere, and petroleum products. Such human activity leads to the fact that the soil loses its ability to self-clean itself from harmful microorganisms and becomes a source of many diseases.
- The hydrosphere, like other shells of the Earth, suffers primarily due to emissions from industrial and agricultural Wastewater . Special attention It is worth paying attention to the pollution of the World Ocean during oil production and refining. Satellite photographs show that a third of the water surface is covered with an oil film, which disrupts its interaction with the atmosphere and disrupts the water cycle in nature. Earth Almost 70% is covered with water, but according to research, only 1% is suitable for human consumption.
- Poaching, illegal hunting, fishing. By destroying and shooting common or endangered fauna, poachers cause ecological imbalance in individual regions. The restoration of the number of animals occurs much more slowly than their destruction. Large-scale fishing with nets can only be explained by a thirst for profit. The use of fishing rods and electric fishing rods leads to the devastation of water bodies, which is fraught with consequences for the biosphere.
- Negative impacts on flora and fauna include: deforestation. Finding yourself under direct solar radiation, shade-loving plants wither. The herbaceous and shrub layers of the flora are modified due to changes in external conditions, some even disappear altogether. In addition, mass hikes by tourists, trampling and compaction of the soil turn out to be a bad side for the vegetation cover.
Time to take stock
The future of humanity directly depends on the state of nature. Maintaining natural balance is necessary primarily for full existence person. Environmental protection and efficient use natural resources - the most relevant activities today.
Many countries support environmental policies by developing special laws and authorities to protect the environment. For example, the UN system has created the UNEP program, which unites all countries and is designed to protect nature at the system-wide level. In solving these problems, an important role is played by the education of the population, decent education and training of qualified specialists in the field of ecology.
The nature of our planet is very diverse and populated unique species plants, animals, birds and microorganisms. All this diversity is closely interconnected and allows our planet to maintain and maintain a unique balance between various forms life.
Human impact on the environment
From the very first days of man's appearance, he began to influence the environment. And with the invention of more and more new tools human civilization increased its impact to truly enormous proportions. And at present, several important issues: How does man influence nature? What human actions harm the soil that provides us with our staple foods? What is the influence of man on the atmosphere we breathe?
Currently, man’s impact on the world around him not only contributes to the development of our civilization, but also often leads to appearance the planet is undergoing significant changes: rivers are drained and drying up, forests are cut down, new cities and factories appear in place of plains, to please new transport routes mountains are being destroyed.
With the rapid increase in the Earth's population, humanity requires more and more food, and with the rapid growth of production technologies, the production capacity of our civilization, requiring more and more new resources for processing and consumption, development of more and more new territories.
Cities are growing, seizing more and more land from nature and displacing their natural natural inhabitants: plants and animals.
This is interesting: in the chest?
Main reasons
The reasons for the negative impact of humans on nature are:
![](https://i2.wp.com/obrazovanie.guru/wp-content/auploads/332402/negativnoe_vliyanie_cheloveka.jpg)
All these factors have a significant and sometimes irreversible impact on the world around us. And more and more often a person is faced with the question: what consequences will such influence ultimately lead to? Will we eventually turn our planet into a waterless desert, unsuitable for existence? How can a person minimize Negative consequences its impact on the world around us? The contradictory impact of people on natural environment Nowadays it is becoming a subject of discussion on international level.
Negative and contradictory factors
In addition to the obvious positive influence of a person on surrounding nature, there are also significant disadvantages of such interaction:
- Destruction large areas forests by cutting them down. This influence is associated, first of all, with the development of the transport industry - people require more and more highways. In addition, wood is actively used in paper industry and other industries.
- Wide use of chemical fertilizers V agriculture actively contributes to rapid soil pollution.
- Widely developed network of industrial production with its own emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water They not only cause environmental pollution, but also contribute to the death of entire species of fish, birds and plants.
- Rapidly growing cities and industrial centers significantly affect changes in the external living conditions of animals, a reduction in their natural habitat and a reduction in the populations of various species themselves.
Also, we cannot ignore man-made disasters that can cause irreversible harm not only separate species flora or fauna, and entire regions of the planet. For example, after the famous accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, until now large area Ukraine is uninhabitable. The radiation level in this area exceeds the maximum acceptable standards tens of times.
Also, a leak of radiation-contaminated water from a nuclear power plant reactor in the city of Fukushima could lead to an environmental disaster on a global scale. The damage that this heavy contaminated water could cause ecological system the world's oceans would be simply irreplaceable.
And the construction of conventional hydroelectric power plants causes no less harm to the environment. After all, their construction requires the construction of a dam and flooding large area adjacent fields and forests. As a result of such human activity, not only the river and the surrounding areas suffer, but also animal world, living in these areas.
In addition, many people thoughtlessly throw away garbage, polluting not only the soil, but also the waters of the world’s oceans with their waste. After all, light debris does not sink and remains on the surface of the water. And given that the decomposition period of some types of plastic is more than ten years, such floating “islands of dirt” make it much more difficult to obtain oxygen and sunlight maritime and river inhabitants. Therefore, entire populations of fish and animals have to migrate in search of new, more suitable territories. And many of them die in the search process.
Felling forest areas on mountain slopes makes them susceptible to erosion, as a result, the soil becomes loose, which can lead to destruction mountain range.
Yes and to life important reserves people treat fresh water negligently - polluting it every day freshwater rivers sewage and industrial waste.
Of course, the existence of humans on the planet brings considerable benefits to it. In particular, it is people who carry out activities aimed at improving environmental situation in the environment. On the territory of many countries people organize nature reserves, parks and reserves, which allow not only to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural, pristine form, but also contribute to the preservation and increase in populations of rare and endangered species of animals and birds.
Special laws have been created to protect against destruction rare representatives the nature around us. Exist special services, funds and centers fighting the destruction of animals and birds. Specialized associations of ecologists are also being created, whose task is to fight to reduce emissions into the atmosphere that are harmful to the environment.
Security organizations
One of the most well-known organizations fighting for the conservation of nature is "Greenease" - international organization , created to preserve the environment for our descendants. Greenpease employees set themselves several main tasks:
- Fighting ocean pollution.
- Significant restrictions on whaling.
- Reducing the scale of deforestation of taiga in Siberia and much more.
With the development of civilization, humanity must look for alternative sources of energy: solar or cosmic, to preserve life on Earth. Also great importance to preserve the nature around us have the construction of new canals and artificial water systems aimed at maintaining soil fertility. And to keep the air clean, many enterprises install specially designed filters to reduce the level of pollutants released into the atmosphere.
This reasonable and careful attitude to the world around us clearly has only positive impact on nature.
Every day positive influence Human exposure to nature is increasing, and this cannot but affect the ecology of our entire planet. That is why man’s struggle to preserve rare species flora and fauna, conservation of rare plant species.
Humanity has no right through its activities to disrupt the natural balance and lead to depletion natural resources. To do this, it is necessary to control the extraction of mineral resources, carefully monitor and take care of the fresh water reserves on our planet. And it is very important to remember that it is we who are responsible for the world around us and how our children and grandchildren will live depends on us!
Instructions
Human influence on nature can be direct and indirect. Direct impact anthropogenic factors occurs, for example, when plowing virgin lands, constructing hydraulic structures, and when laying highways and other communications. In many cases, such changes irreversibly destroy the familiar landscape, transforming nature.
The indirect impact of civilization on the environment is also widespread. An example is the active combustion of fuel during production activities. In this case, the person himself does not directly interact with biological organisms, but fuel combustion products enter the environment, leading to air pollution and negatively affecting plants and animals.
Man, in his activities, very often changes nature, unconsciously, without wanting it. Even an ordinary walk in the forest or a country picnic in nature can be destructive for plants and living organisms. People trample grass, pick flowers, step on small insects. The worst thing is when garbage remains uncollected at a picnic or tourist stop site, which not only spoils the appearance of the area, but also has a detrimental effect on nature.
Purposeful human activities have a much larger impact on nature. A civilization requires the cultivation of vast tracts of land to survive. By cultivating fields to grow cereals, people make changes to nature that are long-term and often irreversible. Agricultural activities can completely change the ecology of large areas. At the same time, the structure of the soil changes and some species of plants and animals are displaced.
IN to the greatest extent The human impact on nature is felt where population density is high, for example, in large cities and their environs. Every day people have to resolve issues related to the provision of energy and food, disposal and waste products. And most often such problems are solved at the expense of nature and to the detriment of it. An example is the colossal landfills household waste, which are arranged on the outskirts of megacities.
The human impact on nature can also be positive. For example, to preserve rare and endangered species of plants and animals in individual states are being organized protected areas, nature reserves, sanctuaries and National parks. Economic activity here, as a rule, is prohibited, but effective preventive actions on conservation natural diversity are carried out quite widely.
From the moment man learned to use tools and became a reasonable man, his influence on the nature of the Earth began. Further development only led to an increase in the scale of influence. Let's talk about how humans influence nature. What are the pros and cons of this impact?
Bad influence
Human influence on the Earth's biosphere is ambiguous. Only one thing can be said with certainty: without humans, the world around us would definitely not be what it is. Both land and ocean. First, let's learn about the negative aspects human influence to the nature of the Earth:
- Deforestation. Trees are the “lungs” of the Earth, softening negative effect human influence on the Earth's climate through transformation carbon dioxide into oxygen. But apparently the person doesn’t need help. In areas where 20 years ago they grew impenetrable forests, highways were laid and fields were sown.
- Depletion, soil pollution. To increase productivity, fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals are used to pollute the land. And an increase in productivity means increased consumption nutrients and minerals by plants in a specific area. Restoring their content is an extremely slow process. The soil is depleted.
- Declining population sizes. To feed the world's growing population, new fields are required. New territories have to be allocated for them. For example, cutting down forests. Many animals, losing natural environment habitats die. Such changes are the result of the so-called indirect human influence.
- Destruction of tens of thousands of species of animals and plants. Unfortunately, they were unable to adapt to life on Earth, modified by man. Some were simply exterminated. This is another method of influence.
- Water and air pollution. More on this below.
Positive influence
Protected areas, parks, sanctuaries are being created - places where the impact on nature is limited. Moreover, people there even support the flora and fauna. Thus, some species of animals now live exclusively in nature reserves. If it weren’t for them, they would have disappeared from the face of the Earth long ago. Second point: artificial canals and irrigation systems make fertile lands that, without human intervention, would look as bare as a desert. Perhaps that's all.
Human impact on the nature of mountains and oceans
Industrial waste and even regular trash find their final refuge in the waters of the world's oceans. So, in the Pacific Ocean there is a so-called dead zone - huge territory completely covered with floating debris. Case in point how humans influence the environment. Light debris does not sink into the ocean, but remains on the surface. Access of air and light to the inhabitants of the ocean is difficult. Entire species are forced to find a new place. Not everyone can do this.
The worst thing is that the same plastic, for example, takes thousands of years to decompose in the ocean. The floating landfill appeared no more than half a century ago, but since then its area and impact on the ecosystem have increased tenfold. Every year ocean currents bring millions of tons of new garbage. This is real ecological catastrophy for the ocean.
Not only the oceans are polluted, but also fresh water. To any large river, on which they stand big cities, thousands of cubic meters of sewage and industrial waste enter every day. Groundwater brings pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Finally, the garbage is dumped into the water. The worst thing is that the supply of fresh water on Earth is strictly limited - it is less than 1% of the total volume of the world's oceans.
Separately, it is worth noting oil spills. It is known that one drop of oil makes about 25 liters of water undrinkable. But this is not the worst. Oil spilled in the sea or ocean forms a very thin film that covers huge area. That same drop of oil will cover 20 square meters water.
This film, although thin, is destructive to all living things. It does not allow oxygen to pass through, therefore, if living organisms cannot move to another territory, they are doomed to slow death. Think about how many oil tankers and other ships carrying oil suffer accidents in the Earth's oceans every year? Thousands! Millions of tons of oil get into the water.
Well, how does a person influence the nature of the mountains? The negative impact lies primarily in deforestation on their slopes. The slopes become bare, vegetation disappears. Erosion and loosening of the soil occurs. And this, in turn, leads to collapses. Man also extracts minerals that have been formed in the earth for millions of years - coal, oil, etc. If the rate of production is maintained, the reserve of resources will last for a maximum of 100 years.
The influence of human activity on processes in the Arctic
Industrial production all over the Earth, like cars, emit enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This leads to a decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth's surface from the deadly ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Over the past 30 years, the concentration of ozone over some parts of the planet has decreased tenfold. A little more - and holes will appear in it, which a person cannot patch.
Carbon dioxide does not escape anywhere from lower layers Earth's atmosphere. He is main reason global warming. The essence of the influence of carbon dioxide is to increase average temperature on the ground. So, over the past 50 years it has increased by 0.6 degrees. It may seem that this is - small matter. But this opinion is wrong.
Global warming leads to such a pattern as an increase in the temperature of the world's oceans. Polar glaciers in the Arctic are melting. The ecosystems of the Earth's poles are being disrupted. But glaciers are sources huge amount clean fresh water. The level of the world's oceans is rising. All this is due to carbon dioxide. The need to reduce its emissions is a problem of global importance. If we don't find a solution, the Earth may become uninhabitable in a few hundred years.
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