Alice is Victoria's daughter. German princesses in Russia
The Norman or Varangian theory, which reveals aspects of the formation of statehood in Rus', is based on one simple thesis - the calling of the Varangian prince Rurik by the Novgorodians to govern and protect large territory tribal union Slovenes Ilmensky. Thus, the answer to the question of what event is associated with the emergence of the dynasty is quite clear.
This thesis is present in the ancient one, written by Nestor. IN currently it is controversial, but one fact is still indisputable - Rurik became the founder of a whole dynasties of sovereigns who ruled not only in Kyiv, but also in other cities of the Russian land, including Moscow, and that is why the dynasty of rulers of Rus' was called Rurikovich.
History of the dynasty: the beginning
The genealogy is quite complex, it is not so easy to understand it, but the beginning of the Rurik dynasty is very easy to trace.
Rurik
Rurik became the first prince in his dynasty. Its origin is extremely controversial issue. Some historians suggest that he was from a noble Varangian-Scandinavian family.
Rurik's ancestors came from the trading Hedeby (Scandinavia) and were related to Ragnar Lothbrok himself. Other historians, distinguishing between the concepts of “Norman” and “Varangian”, believe that Rurik was of Slavic origin, perhaps he was related to the Novgorod prince Gostomysl (it is believed that Gostomysl was his grandfather), and for a long time lived with his family on the island of Rügen.
Most likely, he was a jarl, that is, he had a military squad and kept boats, engaging in trade and sea robbery. But precisely with his calling first to Staraya Ladoga, and then to Novgorod the beginning of the dynasty is connected.
Rurik was called to Novgorod in 862 (when he began to rule exactly, of course, is unknown; historians rely on data from the PVL). The chronicler claims that he came not alone, but with two brothers - Sinius and Truvor (traditional Varangian names or nicknames). Rurik settled in Staraya Ladoga, Sinius in Beloozero, and Truvor in Izborsk. I wonder what any other mentions there is no mention of brothers in PVL. The beginning of the dynasty is not associated with them.
Oleg and Igor
Rurik died in 879, leaving young son Igor(or Ingvar, according to the Scandinavian tradition). A warrior, and possibly a relative of Rurik, Oleg (Helg) was supposed to rule on behalf of his son until he came of age.
Attention! There is a version that Oleg ruled not just as a relative or confidant, but as an elected jarl, that is, he had all the political rights to power according to Scandinavian and Varangian laws. The fact that he transferred power to Igor could indeed mean that he was his close relative, perhaps a nephew, his sister’s son (according to the Scandinavian tradition, uncle is closer than biological father; boys in Scandinavian families were given to be raised by their maternal uncle).
How many years did Oleg reign?? He successfully ruled the young state until 912. It is he who is credited with the complete conquest of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the capture of Kyiv, then his place was taken by Igor (already as the ruler of Kiev), by that time married to a girl from Polotsk (according to one version) - Olga.
Olga and Svyatoslav
Igor's reign can't be called successful. He was killed by the Drevlyans in 945 during an attempt to take double tribute from their capital, Iskorosten. Because The only son Igor, Svyatoslav, was still small, then the throne in Kyiv, by a common decision of the boyars and squads, was taken by his widow Olga.
Svyatoslav ascended the Kiev throne in 957. He was a warrior prince and never stayed long in his capital rapidly growing state. During his lifetime, he divided the lands of Rus' between his three sons: Vladimir, Yaropolk and Oleg. He gave Novgorod the Great as his inheritance to Vladimir (illegitimate son). Oleg (the younger) was imprisoned in Iskorosten, and the elder Yaropolk was left in Kyiv.
Attention! Historians know the name of Vladimir’s mother; it is also known that she was a whitewashed servant, that is, she could not become the ruler’s wife. Perhaps Vladimir was the eldest son of Svyatoslav, his first-born. That is why he was recognized as the father. Yaropolk and Oleg were born from legal wife Svyatoslav, perhaps a Bulgarian princess, but in age they were younger than Vladimir. All this subsequently influenced the relations between the brothers and led to the first princely feud in Rus'.
Yaropolk and Vladimir
Svyatoslav died in 972 on the island of Khortitsa(Dnieper rapids). After his death, the Kiev throne was occupied by Yaropolk for several years. A war for power in the state began between him and his brother Vladimir, ending with the murder of Yaropolk and the victory of Vladimir, who ultimately became the next prince of Kyiv. Vladimir ruled from 980 to 1015. His main merit is Baptism of Rus' and the Russian people into the Orthodox faith.
Yaroslav and his sons
An internecine war broke out between Vladimir’s sons immediately after his death, as a result of which one of Vladimir’s eldest sons from the Polotsk princess Ragneda, Yaroslav, took the throne.
Important! In 1015, the Kiev throne was occupied by Svyatopolk (later nicknamed the Accursed). He was not Vladimir’s own son. His father was Yaropolk, after whose death Vladimir took his wife as his wife, and recognized the born child as his first-born.
Yaroslav reigned until 1054. After his death, the right of ladder came into force - the transfer of the Kyiv throne and the “junior” in seniority in the Rurikovich family.
The Kiev throne was occupied by Yaroslav's eldest son - Izyaslav, Chernigov (the next "seniority" throne) - Oleg, Pereyaslavsky - Yaroslav's youngest son Vsevolod.
For a long time, the sons of Yaroslav lived peacefully, observing the behests of their father, but, ultimately, the struggle for power entered an active phase and Rus' entered the era of Feudal fragmentation.
Pedigree of the Rurikovichs. The first Kyiv princes (table or Rurik dynasty diagram with dates, by generation)
Generation | Prince's name | Years of reign |
I generation | Rurik | 862-879 (Novgorod reign) |
Oleg (Prophetic) | 879 – 912 (Novgorod and Kiev reigns) | |
II | Igor Rurikovich | 912-945 (Kiev reign) |
Olga | 945-957 | |
III | Svyatoslav Igorevich | 957-972 |
IV | Yaropolk Svyatoslavich | 972-980 |
Oleg Svyatoslavich | Prince-governor in Iskorosten, died in 977 | |
Vladimir Svyatoslavich (Saint) | 980-1015 | |
V | Svyatopolk Yaropolkovich (stepson of Vladimir) Damned | 1015-1019 |
Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wise) | 1019-1054 | |
VI | Izyaslav Yaroslavovich | 1054-1073; 1076-1078 (Kiev reign) |
Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich (Chernigovsky) | 1073-1076 (Kiev reign) | |
Vsevolod Yaroslavovich (Pereyaslavsky) | 1078-1093 (Kiev reign) |
Genealogy of the Rurikovichs of the period of feudal fragmentation
Tracing the dynastic line of the Rurikovich family during the period of Feudal fragmentation is incredibly difficult, since the ruling princely the genus has grown to its maximum. The main branches of the clan at the first stage of feudal fragmentation can be considered the Chernigov and Pereyaslav lines, as well as the Galician line, which needs to be discussed separately. The Galician princely house originates from the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir, who died during his father’s lifetime, and whose heirs received Galich as an inheritance.
It is important to note that all representatives of the clan sought to occupy the Kiev throne, since in this case they were considered the rulers of the entire state.
Galician heirs
Chernigov house
Pereyaslavsky house
With the Pereyaslav House, which was nominally considered the youngest, everything is much more complicated. It was the descendants of Vsevolod Yaroslavovich who gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow Rurikovichs. The main representatives of this house were:
- Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh) - was the prince of Kyiv in 1113-1125 (VII generation);
- Mstislav (the Great) - the eldest son of Monomakh, was the prince of Kyiv in 1125-1132 (VIII generation);
- Yuri (Dolgoruky) - the youngest son of Monomakh, became the ruler of Kyiv several times, the last in 1155-1157 (VIII generation).
Mstislav Vladimirovich gave rise to the Volyn House of Rurikovich, and Yuri Vladimirovich gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal House.
Volyn House
Pedigree of the Rurikovichs: Vladimir-Suzdal House
The Vladimir-Suzdal house became the main one in Rus' after the death of Mstislav the Great. The princes who made first Suzdal and then Vladimir-on-Klyazma their capital, were playing key role V political history period of the Horde invasion.
Important! Daniil Galitsky and Alexander Nevsky are known not only as contemporaries, but also as rivals for the grand ducal label, and they also had a fundamental different approach to faith - Alexander adhered to Orthodoxy, and Daniel accepted Catholicism in exchange for the opportunity to receive the title of King of Kyiv.
Pedigree of the Rurikovichs: Moscow House
In the final period of Feudal fragmentation, the House of Rurikovich numbered more than 2000 members (princes and younger princely families). Gradually, the leading position was taken by the Moscow House, which traces its pedigree to youngest son Alexander Nevsky - Daniil Alexandrovich.
Gradually, the Moscow house from grand ducal transformed into royal. Why did this happen? Including thanks to dynastic marriages, as well as successful internal and foreign policy individual representatives At home. The Moscow Rurikovichs did a gigantic job of “gathering” the lands around Moscow and overthrowing the Tatar-Mongol Yoke.
Moscow Ruriks (diagram with dates of reign)
Generation (from Rurik in a straight line male line) | Prince's name | Years of reign | Significant marriages |
XI generation | Alexander Yaroslavovich (Nevsky) | Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke according to the Horde label from 1246 to 1263 | _____ |
XII | Daniil Alexandrovich Moskovsky | 1276-1303 (Moscow reign) | _____ |
XIII | Yuri Daniilovich | 1317-1322 (Moscow reign) | |
Ivan I Daniilovich (Kalita) | 1328-1340 (Great Vladimir and Moscow reigns) | _____ | |
XIV | Semyon Ivanovich (Proud) | 1340-1353 (Moscow and Great Vladimir reign) | |
Ivan II Ivanovich (Red) | 1353-1359 (Moscow and Great Vladimir reign) | ||
XV | Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) | 1359-1389 (Moscow reign, and from 1363 to 1389 – Great Vladimir reign) | Evdokia Dmitrievna, only daughter Dmitry Konstantinovich (Rurikovich), Prince of Suzdal - Nizhny Novgorod; annexation of all territories of the Principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod to the Moscow Principality |
XVI | Vasily I Dmitrievich | 1389-1425 | Sofya Vitovtovna, Daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt (complete reconciliation of the Lithuanian princes with the ruling Moscow house) |
XVII | Vasily II Vasilievich (Dark) | 1425-1462 | _____ |
XVIII | Ivan III Vasilievich | 1462 – 1505 | In his second marriage to Sophia Paleologus (niece of the last Byzantine emperor); nominal right: to be considered the successor of the imperial Byzantine crown and Caesar (king) |
XIX | Vasily III Vasilievich | 1505-1533 | In his second marriage to Elena Glinskaya, a representative of a wealthy Lithuanian family, descended from the Serbian rulers and Mamai (according to legend) |
XX |
Chapter 22. The end of the Rurik dynasty
On March 18, 1584, Moscow bells, with their sad chimes, announced to the residents of the capital about the death of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. With this news, the people forgot all the great cruelties of the Terrible Tsar, forgot all his hated oprichnina, and remembered only such great deeds of his reign as the capture of Kazan, the conquest of Astrakhan and Siberia, the publication of the Tsar's Code of Law and the construction of the great St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. The Russian people sincerely prayed for the repose of the formidable, but at the same time great sovereign in his deeds.
After Tsar John there were two of his sons: Feodor, former son the beloved, meek Anastasia Romanovna, the first wife of Grozny, and the young Tsarevich Dimitri, to whom his father, shortly before his death, assigned the city of Uglich as his inheritance. The tsar had long felt the approach of death and made all the orders, so his eldest son Fyodor calmly, without any worries or disturbances, as the chronicler said, “enthroned and sat on the highest throne of the God-protected Russian Kingdom.”
Everyone in the state, however, realized that new king won't be able to cope state affairs. A faster and a silent man, he looked more like a humble monk than a king. This was already well seen by his father, who tried to surround his son with loyal and experienced people in government affairs. In the first days around the new king we see five boyars who, as it were, form standing council with him, they are in charge of all the affairs of the government.
Among these five individuals, in their own spiritual qualities and in terms of his influence on the Moscow population, the boyar Nikita Romanovich Yuryev-Zakharyin, the uncle of the tsar, the brother of his mother Anastasia, stands out. During the entire reign of Ivan the Terrible, he was close to the sovereign and enjoyed his constant trust; however, he not only did not stain himself with the slightest participation in his cruelties, but even became famous as a constant intercessor with him for the disgraced; not once kind hand Nikita Romanovich snatched them from tenacious claws Malyuta Skuratova.
Hundreds and three years have passed since this man died wonderful person, but even now in our distant north there lives a legend about how Nikita saved him from the wrath of Ivan the Terrible own son... It’s clear why it was he, as the royal uncle and as the most bright man among the Moscow boyars, took first place at the throne of the young sovereign.
While Nikita Romanovich was alive, he good advice and with his influence he restrained hatred among the boyars. But a year later, old man Zakharyin died, and the enmity among the boyars manifested itself strongly and sharply. The sovereign's brother-in-law, Boris Fedorovich Godunov, began to take all measures to eliminate dangerous rivals and rule the state alone. After the death of Zakharyin, disgrace befell the noblest boyars, among them the princes Mstislavsky and Shuisky: they were sent to distant prisons and monasteries. Boris at this time was still friendly with the young Romanovs (as Nikita’s sons began to be called after their grandfather). They say that the old man, dying, took an oath from Godunov that he would take care of his sons, and Godunov has so far kept his promise. Meanwhile, his power in the state is increasingly increasing: he receives the title of “ruler”, “domestic governor” and “deputy of the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan”. Not only Russians, but also foreigners visiting Moscow notice that he, and not Fedor, rules the kingdom. And it cannot be said that this reign was bad: the tsar’s brother-in-law, an intelligent and experienced man, tried to calm the state after the shocks it experienced under Grozny, and was successful in this good deed.
The life of the state was proceeding so peacefully and calmly, when suddenly in 1591 it was disrupted terrible event: Seven-year-old Tsarevich Dimitri was stabbed to death in Uglich on May 15. On the same day, residents of Uglich killed Boris Bityagovsky, Kachalov and their comrades, who were considered the perpetrators of the terrible crime. Four days later, persons sent from Moscow arrived from Moscow to investigate the whole matter: these were Metropolitan Gelasius of Krutitsky, Prince Vasily Shuisky, who had recently been returned from exile by Godunov and became related to him, and the okolnichy Kleshnin, who owed everything to Boris. These investigators conducted the case stupidly, and perhaps even in bad faith, and, returning to Moscow, reported to the Tsar and the Boyar Duma that the Tsarevich was not killed at all, but that he himself, in an epileptic fit, came across a knife. The Boyar Duma was satisfied with this strange explanation, and severely punished the Uglich residents for arbitrariness and the murder of supposedly innocent people. However, the people could not believe the naive explanation of the Moscow investigators and said that the prince had been killed; and many added that he was killed at the instigation of Godunov.
This terrible case in Uglich has remained completely unsolved to this day. There are some reasons to consider Godunov guilty of the death of the prince, but it is impossible to prove his guilt. Be that as it may, the closest heir to the royal throne passed away in 1591. With Fedor, the royal family of Rurikovich, which ruled Russia for more than 700 years, ended.
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At the end of his life, Ivan IV had three sons. The eldest, Ivan Ivanovich, unlike his sick father, was full of strength and energy. He showed himself to be brave on the battlefield and smart statesman . Intrigues at court whispered to the king that the heir was loved by the people, that all the haters of the king hoped for his coming to power. This irritated the king even more. Quarrels often broke out between father and son. Ivan IV interfered in his son's personal life, insulted his wife and once beat her. The heir stood up for his wife’s honor and tried to grab his father’s hands. Then he dealt his son a fatal blow with a heavy iron-bound staff. After some time, Ivan Ivanovich died. Thus, the king himself cut off the Rurik dynasty in the bud. His next son, the sickly and pious Fyodor (1557-1598), had no children. And another son, young Dmitry (1582-1591), was born from the seventh wife of the tsar, noblewoman Maria Nagaya, and had few rights to the throne. Based on the above, we conclude that the king himself created a crisis of power in the state and the preconditions for future fights for the throne. The king did not survive his murdered son by much. At the beginning of 1584, his health deteriorated and his body began to swell. There were rumors in Moscow that Ivan IV's favorites, Velsky and Godunov, were harassing the Tsar with poison. Ivan the Terrible invited Boris Godunov, who was with him, to play chess. The Tsar and Godunov sat down at the table. There was no one nearby. Godunov was left alone with the sick king. Suddenly a scream was heard. When the palace servants ran into the chamber, the king lay lifeless on the floor. After the death of Ivan IV, the royal throne passed to his 27-year-old son Fedor. He was a quiet and God-fearing man. He hated cruelty and violence, preferred to spend time in prayer, reading books, and talking with learned monks, but the trouble was that he entrusted many matters to the boyars, his father’s favorites, primarily Velsky and Godunov. But these were people who came to the fore under Grozny in oprichnina executions, murders, and dark palace intrigues. Immediately after the death of the monarch, behind the back of the quiet Fedor, a fierce struggle for power began between the favorites and various boyar groups. The assertive, energetic, intelligent and merciless Boris Godunov gained an increasing advantage in this struggle. He took advantage of the fact that his sister was the king’s wife and quickly pushed aside his rivals. Quite soon, Godunov achieved the removal of Velsky from affairs. The little Tsarevich Dmitry also posed a danger to the almighty boyar. After all, someone might have thought that the weak and unhealthy Fyodor could be replaced with little Dmitry. And this would mean that Godunov’s influence could come to an end. Finally, after the death of the sickly Fyodor, Dmitry could officially ascend to the throne. Dmitry and his mother were sent from Moscow to Uglich, which old tradition gave him an inheritance. Godunov continued to push other noble boyars away from the throne. The Shuisky brothers were sent into exile, and the hero of the defense of Pskov, Ivan Shuisky, was killed in exile. Then it was the turn of the Romanov boyars, relatives of the first Russian Tsarina Anastasia Romanova. Godunov also placed his man in the highest church position. In 1589, the patriarchate was established in Russia. Godunov’s protege Job became the first Russian patriarch. The reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich saw further enslavement of the Russian peasantry and a deterioration in the position of slaves. Now the regime of “reserved years”, a ban on peasant crossings, which was in effect in some counties, has spread throughout the country. In 1597, the government of Fyodor Godunov introduced “scheduled summers.” If previously a peasant who had fled to new lands was searched for indefinitely and could be returned to the owner at any time, now the search period was set at five years. If the peasant was not found during this time, he remained to live in a new place. But the situation of the slaves has become much worse. Now they could not free themselves from the owner if they went into servitude for a debt and were ready to pay it off. They became slaves forever. If formerly man He voluntarily became a slave for his master and at the first opportunity he could free himself, but now after six months of service he remained a slave forever. Rumor linked all these laws with the name of Boris Godunov, who was increasingly hated by the people. In addition, he was credited with another terrible sin- murder of the young Tsarevich Dmitry, who died during mysterious circumstances in 1591 He was found with his throat cut in his own yard in Uglich. I didn’t see what happened to the prince. When people came running to hear the nanny’s cry, he was already dead. A crowd of townspeople dealt with the people responsible for guarding Dmitry, but Godunov brutally suppressed the uprising. He sent a special commission to Uglich, which, having examined all the circumstances of the prince’s death, came to the conclusion that Dmitry stabbed himself to death while playing “knives.” Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich died on January 7, 1598. The Rurik dynasty ceased to exist in Russia. Queen Irina soon became a nun. The Russian throne was vacant
The Rurikovich family played a huge role in the development and formation Russian state. During their reign, the influence of the grand ducal power in Rus' increased. For almost seven and a half centuries, the Rurik dynasty not only created, but preserved and strengthened Rus'. All those undertakings, the foundations of which were laid in initial period rule of the Rurikovichs. Their legacy was enhanced. The result of this was the existence of a strong independent state, able to withstand the most difficult conditions. Rus' turned into Russia, and Grand Duke Moscow became the Sovereign of All Rus'. Autocracy became, as it were, a necessary property of Russia, its only state charter until the twentieth century.
Are they Romanovs? IN Russian history It is customary to call them the Romanov dynasty. But is this so if the last Romanova Was there Elizaveta Petrovna? Elizaveta Petrovna did not get married, at least officially, she did not change her surname, remaining until her death as Petrova’s daughter with her own surname Romanov. Her sister Anna is a completely different matter. She married Duke Karl Friedrich von Holstein - Gottorp and lost the surname of her great father, becoming the Duchess of Holstein - Gottorp. From their marriage a boy was born with the name Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp. It is known that in those days a married woman, with the loss of her maiden name, also lost the right to assign it to her children. The family descends from the father, not from the mother! - this is how they always reasoned and now. Based on this, we can say that Peter the Third is the founder of a new dynasty - the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. Childless Elizabeth took in her orphaned nephew when he was 11 years old. The prince's hereditary surname was unacceptable for Orthodox Russia, it was alien to the Russians, especially after the Bironovschina, after the general dominance of the Germans, whom Elizabeth herself, having ascended the throne, swept out of the country with a filthy broom. The people would not accept the heir as their own tsar-father with a surname alien to Russian ears. And Elizabeth understood this perfectly. The surname of the House of Romanov, in modern terms, was a brand known both in Russia and in Europe. Who are the Holstein-Gottorpskys? Does the jester know them? Some little-known dukes of a tiny German duchy. That is why the Prussian Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp was elevated to the Russian throne under
a surname that was already heard in Europe and throughout the rest of the world. To give him a Russian look, the heir was christened in Russian Orthodox Church under the name Peter. Painted as a Russian, Pyotr Fedorovich, who was born Russian, did not accept anything Russian, remaining a Prussian in spirit, in his essence and in his attachments to everything German. The fourth part of the Russian Romanov blood, inherited from his mother, did not speak in him. Elizaveta Petrovna was completely mistaken about him. Even though she was a half-breed, half German, she was completely imbued with the truly Russian spirit. That pitiful quarter of Russian blood in her nephew did not live up to her hopes. Just as he disliked Russia from his very arrival, he never did. He was a Prussian, and remains a Prussian. And as soon as the coffin lid slammed shut behind my aunt, he took and returned all the conquests of Russian soldiers and officers, abundantly watered with sweat and blood on the battlefields of the Seven Years' War, obligingly to the Prussian King Frederick, whom he worshiped like an icon, on a platter. Elizabeth made a mistake about her nephew, but she chose the right wife for him. She married not a stupid lazy German woman, but the clever Sophia Frederika Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, a German princess of a seedy German principality. She was baptized in the Orthodox Church under the name Catherine. She immediately realized that they didn’t like Germans in Russia, and therefore she had to try to become Russian. There was a good example before my eyes - Elizabeth herself. And Her Highness took up the study of the Russian language, Russian cuisine and Russian customs. Having a bright smart head, succeeded in all this. The sinner had a weakness for Russian men. And therefore it gave rise to all sorts of rumors. And now Peter himself began to doubt his paternity in relation to his heir Paul. And on the sidelines and in the guards regiments
they were already openly talking about “beautiful as day” Count Saltykov, Pavel’s actual father. Perhaps this is so, if we take into account that Peter shared his bed every night not with legal wife, and with the favorite Elizaveta Vorontsova, but they had no children. The question arises: was Peter the Third even capable of conceiving children? If not, then the rumors are not groundless, in which case Pavel does not have even that ounce of Romanov blood that was intended for him on his father’s side. Okay, rumors are rumors, but there are no documents confirming the paternity of the handsome Count Saltykov in relation to the prince. There were so many high-born Russian beauties in Russia in Catherine’s time, from the Rurikids and Gediminids, descendants of appanage princes, and the queen’s eyes are looking for some high-born German princesses for her son, whose entire principality is the size of our village. As some jokers put it then, Germany at that time was “three hundred chicken coops of the Roman Empire German nation" It was from these “chicken coops” that princesses were taken for our princes. Well, isn't it a mockery? They found Paula Wilhelmina, a German princess. They christened her under the name Natalya Alekseevna. The marriage ended badly. Wilhelmina died during childbirth, and the child also died. It seems that Wilhelmina was also eager for Russian men. Even Catherine, to which she herself started novel after novel, and told her daughter-in-law to restrain her ardor. I wish I could come to my senses and marry Pavel to a Russian for his second marriage. Whatever it is, they again found him a German bride - Sophia Dorothea Augusta Louise of Württemberg, the daughter of a German duke, who has the entire duchy as big as the palm of his hand. Well, where in Rus' with such a name, you’ll stumble ten times before you get to the end. She will be Maria Fedorovna. They had a lot of children, Germans. A
where does Russian blood come from? It dries up in the royal children. Alexander, the eldest of the sons, ascended the throne after the murder of Paul. An adherent of the German Friedrich doctrine in the army, he fiercely hated the Suvorov spirit in it, relied only on the Germans, and tried not to notice the talents of Russian commanders. Take, for example, the fact that in the Patriotic War of 1812 he allowed Kutuzov to command the army only when his German superiors showed all their military mediocrity and inconsistency. And then there was a smell of frying: Napoleon was advancing. He did the right thing when he assessed his commanders by their fighting qualities. War is war, it’s not for you to shuffle around on the parade ground and command the parade. Here you need to make decisions, but the German generals from Holsteins, cherished by the kings, also from Holsteins, did not know how to do this. But that's not what this is about. How much Romanov blood remains in Alexander, if we discard the rumors regarding the dubious birth of his father Pavel? Sixteenth part. Wow, how Russian blood is leaking from our tsars as one replaces the other. On the throne is Nicholas the First, brother of Alexander the First. Here again there is a hitch with him. The fact is that Paul did not want to recognize Nicholas and Mikhail as his sons and even wanted to deprive them of the right to succession to the throne. How eager were the handsome German women for stately Russian men, starting with Martha Skavronskaya, that is, Catherine the First. There is nothing to say about the second Catherine; her novels are very well known. According to rumors, Marya Feodorovna also could not resist the handsome Russian men; she sinned, poor thing. It was not for nothing that Paul decided to publish a manifesto in which, by a special decree, he deprived the rights to inheritance of these two offspring, unknown from whom, born. Stopped him
the wise Count Rostopchin, saying that there is not enough dirt in all of Russia to cover up the redness of your cheeks. Well, of course, how can one publicly admit that a cuckolded tsar sits on the Russian throne? Therefore, this remains behind the scenes and history does not know for certain whose sons Nikolai and Mikhail are. But history is a science: it doesn’t believe gossip, give it facts and documents. But at that time, DNA testing was unheard of. And without this analysis, all rumors are worthless. And therefore Nicholas the First is crowned with the kingdom completely legally. Only one thirty-second part of the Romanov blood remains in him, the Russian trickle is thinner and thinner, but the German blood is thicker and thicker. Nikolai Pavlovich, or, as he was called in the army for his cruel attitude towards lower ranks, “Nikolai Palkin,” although he had his eye on young Russian girls, still married a Prussian. Frederica Charlotte Wilhelmina or Charlotte of Prussia became the newly-crowned Tsarina of Russia, baptized in the Orthodox Church under the name Alexandra Feodorovna. I think that if it had been possible to remain in one’s Lutheran faith, neither Peter the Third nor the German princesses would have accepted Orthodoxy. They did this not of their own free will, but out of necessity. That’s why I can’t call them Orthodox or baptized. In Rus', such people were called crosses. Crosses, Holstein - Gottorp, Lutherans, Germans, Prussians, but not Orthodox Russians. Alexander II, the son of Nicholas the First and Charlotte of Prussia, went down in history as a reformer tsar, although his peasant reform did not cause wild delight among the peasants, because they received personal freedom without a land allotment and the land had to be purchased from the landowners, i.e. serve the same corvee. Bondage, not reform. The first marriage of Alexander II took place with Princess Maximilian of Hesse-Darmstadt
Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria, who took the name Maria Alexandrovna. romantic love with Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgoruka ended in a morganatic marriage after the death of Maria Alexandrovna. In Alexander II, only one sixty-fourth of Romanov blood remained. German predominates, but the root is German, Holstein. Therefore, in Alexander the Third, born of the Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt from Alexander the Second, she is already one hundred and twenty-eighth. Yes, just a drop of Peter’s blood remains. You can't see it with a microscope. And where can you get Russian blood when Alexander the Third also marries a foreigner, the daughter of the Danish king Louise Frederica Dagmar, who took the name Maria Feodorovna. The last Russian emperor, Nicholas II, is their son. Romanov’s Peter’s blood is no longer visible in him at all - one two hundred and fifty-six. And therefore I ask myself, by what right do the former and current descendants of Holstein-Gottorp and other German noble princes call themselves Romanovs? Just because the last of the Romanovs, Elizaveta Petrovna of blessed memory, sold an alien counterfeit to the Russian people under the brand name of a high-quality product of Russian origin? The dynasty of the original Romanovs, who ruled Russia at different times, looks like this: Mikhail Fedorovich (the founder of the dynasty) - Alexey Mikhailovich - Fyodor Alekseevich - Ivan Alekseevich - Peter Alekseevich (the First, the Great) - Catherine the First (as the legal wife of Peter the Great) - Peter the Second Alekseevich - Elizaveta Petrovna. All! The rest, starting with Peter the Third, are Holstein-Gottorp. Standing apart are Anna Ioannovna, the queen of the “terrible vision”, as she was called in Rus', and the Russian “iron
mask" Ivan Antonovich. By birth, Anna Ioannovna Romanova, but after marrying the Duke of Courland, she lost her family surname. As for Ivan Antonovich, he was born in Brunswick and died without ever seeing the Russian throne. He was Tsar in infancy under the regent, Anna Leopoldovna, Duchess of Braunschweig, his mother.
Along with the death of Peter the Great himself 02/08/1725 and his grandson in 1730 year The Romanov family is over.
And detail!
Among the Jews, the family is passed on through the mother, but this is among the Jews. For us, it’s from our father’s side. Therefore, every father is happy in his soul when his son is born and everyone says that now the family has a continuation. Girls are great too, but they don’t count here. These are our traditions!
Alexey Petrovich Romanov was born on 02/18/1690. His life was going well, and so after successful negotiations about marriage, in 1711 Tsarevich Alexei became the husband of Princess of Brunswick - Sophia Charlotte of Wolfenbüttel, sister of the wife of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, by the way. The wedding took place not in Russia, but in Torgau, in Saxony.
Charlotte gave birth to a son for the future emperor, but died.
Peter I dreamed that his son and heir to the throne Alexei would be educated and diversified. Alexey did not share his father’s desire, to put it mildly. So one day, after studying in Germany, when Peter I asked Alexey to show the drawings that he made, Alexey tried to cripple right hand, shooting her with a pistol. Apparently he was very afraid of the wrath of his father-emperor. After all, he drew poorly. He didn’t get shot in the arm, just a burn, but he didn’t have to redraw it in front of his father.
Soon after this incident, although it is unlikely that this was the only reason, Alexey became addicted to a glass, lost interest in his wife, and was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
A glass and laziness do not lead to good things
Alexey found a mistress, her name was Euphrosyne, and fled with her to Vienna in November 1716 under the name of Lieutenant Colonel Kokhanovsky. There were no powerful movements in Russia directed against Emperor Peter I. There were dissatisfied people. But Peter I mistook his son’s escape for treason and connected his act with an attempt to organize a coup, etc.
They searched for Alexey and found him in Naples. They began to persuade him to return to Russia out of kindness and promised him immunity. Alexey didn’t believe it right away, after the 5th stage of negotiations, but still agreed. He asked only for one thing: that he be allowed to marry Euphrosyne, who was four months pregnant. Peter, through his assistants, allowed it.
Capture of the conspirators
01/31/1718 Alexey returned to Moscow. Euphrosyne arrived two months later in St. Petersburg. She was supposed to give birth in two weeks, but here the information is lost. Nothing more is known about Euphrosyne and her child. There was no wedding either.
Peter I continued to go on a rampage, seeing conspiracies all around. He gave the order to arrest Alexei’s mother, Evdokia (his first wife, whom he had long hated). Her lover was captured and brutally executed on Red Square. And the council of clergy sentenced Evdokia Fedorovna to punishment with a whip. The sentence was carried out publicly, and then sent to the northern Assumption Monastery on Ladoga, and then to the Shlisselburg prison.
Peter saw obvious disgust at his transformation from his son. As a result, he gave the order for the trial of Alexei. They began to torture the heir to the throne; they tortured him five times in a week.
June 24, 1718 Supreme Court, consisting of as many as 127 people, unanimously decided to put the prince to death. But the method of death was left to the emperor to choose. How Alexey died is not exactly known or written. There are about a dozen versions. He probably died before the official date of execution, in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Heir
Remember, Alexei had a son. He was destined to become Peter II. The well-known Menshikov worked hard over the heir, dreamed of his marriage with his daughter, hoping in this way to maintain influence at court.
Here we must remember that Peter I in 1724 personally crowned Catherine (his second wife) as empress. After the death of Peter in 1725, Catherine was enthroned by Menshikov as an autocratic empress, but in fact Russia was ruled by Menshikov and the Supreme Privy Council.
At that time, only paternal inheritance was considered legitimate before the people. In 1725, Catherine I, with the help of the guard, managed to DELAY Peter’s accession to the throne. In 1727, Catherine herself, under the influence of Menshikov, bequeathed the throne to Peter II. The latter was not at a loss and in the same year Menshikov was arrested, after which he was exiled with his family to Eastern Siberia, died there on November 12, 1729.
Peter II managed to get married (or had a lot of help to do so), contracted smallpox and died in 1730. He didn't have a son. This ended the Romanov family in the male line. Further succession to the throne went through the female line, the Romanov dynasty actually ended, although it existed in history until Nicholas II. Although officially we have this picture:
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