Acacia 152 mm self-propelled howitzer. Self-propelled gun "Acacia": history of creation, description and characteristics
SAU 2S3 Akatsiya is a Soviet 152-mm divisional self-propelled howitzer, designed to suppress and destroy manpower, artillery and mortar batteries, rocket launchers, tanks, fire weapons, control posts and tactical nuclear attack weapons.
Self-propelled howitzer 2S3 Akatsiya (GABTU - object 303)
Developed at the Ural Transport Engineering Plant.
The chief designer of the chassis is G. S. Efimov, the 152 mm 2A33 gun is F. F. Petrov.
History of creation
At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union's arsenal consisted mainly of anti-tank and assault self-propelled guns, whose main function was the direct escort of infantry and tanks and direct fire at enemy targets. At the same time, Western countries and the United States already had self-propelled guns designed for firing from closed positions.
Gradually, self-propelled artillery in these countries began to displace towed artillery. The indispensability of self-propelled artillery in local conflicts became obvious, therefore, in the period from 1947 to 1953, research was carried out to create new self-propelled howitzers, but in 1955, at the direction of N. S. Khrushchev, most work on self-propelled artillery was stopped. Some time later, the USSR Ministry of Defense came to the conclusion that a strategic nuclear war was unlikely, since it would lead to the destruction of both warring parties. At the same time, local conflicts using tactical nuclear weapons could become more realistic. In such conflicts, self-propelled artillery had an undeniable advantage over towed artillery.
With the resignation of N.S. Khrushchev, the development of self-propelled artillery in the USSR was resumed. By this time, the United States was already in service with the 155-mm M109 self-propelled howitzer, the ammunition of which included the M454 nuclear round with a yield of 0.1 kt. In 1965, at the Lvov training ground, Soviet troops conducted large-scale exercises using artillery installations from the Great Patriotic War. The results of the exercises showed that the self-propelled artillery units in service did not meet the requirements of modern combat. In order to eliminate the gap between Soviet self-propelled artillery and the artillery of NATO countries, in 1967 a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 609-201 of July 4 was issued. In accordance with this decree, the development of a new 152 mm self-propelled howitzer was officially begun.
Previously, VNII-100, from 1963 to 1965, carried out research work to determine the appearance and basic characteristics of the new self-propelled guns. During the research, two variants of self-propelled guns were developed. The first is based on the Object 124 chassis (in turn, created on the basis of the SU-100P), the second is based on the then promising medium tank Object 432. In both versions, the main weapon was a 152-mm howitzer with D-20 ballistics. Based on the results of the work, it was found that the front-engine layout would be optimal for the new self-propelled howitzer, as well as the presence of an additional power take-off for auxiliary equipment. The 5TDF engine did not allow such needs to be realized. VNII-100 developed options with a front-engine engine layout, as well as with the possibility of taking power from a free clutch, but the projects were not implemented, and it was recommended to use a chassis produced by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant as a base. The resulting developments formed the basis of the development work under the name “Acacia” (GRAU index - 2C3). "Acacia" was supposed to go into service with artillery regiments of tank and motorized rifle divisions to replace the 152-mm howitzers ML-20, D-1 and D-20.
Table of performance characteristics of preliminary projects 2S3, completed at VNII-100
The Ural Transport Engineering Plant was appointed the main developer of 2S3; the 2A33 howitzer (in-house designation D-22) was designed at OKB-9. At the end of 1968, production of the first two prototypes of the 2S3 was completed, and in October 1969, factory tests were completed. In parallel, in the summer of 1969, 4 more vehicles were manufactured for field testing. Tests revealed high gas contamination in the fighting compartment. At the same time, a similar situation arose with the 122-mm regimental self-propelled howitzer 2S1. At the same time, cap versions of howitzers were developed for both self-propelled artillery installations. On the basis of the 2A33, a 152-mm howitzer D-11 with cap loading was developed. Instead of a wedge bolt, a chain rammer and charges in a sleeve, the D-11 used a piston bolt, a pneumatic rammer and cap charges. However, tests have shown that the disadvantages of the new D-11 howitzer are similar, since the intensity of the shots remained the same, while maintaining the same accuracy and firing range. In addition, inconvenience was identified when working with charge canisters, as well as design flaws in the pneumatic rammer, as a result of which the rate of fire remained at the level of the base gun. Further improvement of the D-11 design led to the creation of a modernized model under the designation D-11M, which showed an increase in the firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile to 19.3 km thanks to an enlarged chamber and the use of more powerful cap charges.
In 1971, the 3rd Central Research Institute, within the framework of the Development research work, reviewed and analyzed the results of work on cap versions of 122 mm and 152 mm howitzers. Despite the obtained indicators, the 3rd Central Research Institute concluded that it was inappropriate to conduct further research on the cap version of the 2A33 howitzer. The main reason was the lack at that time of a technical solution that would make it possible to create and put into operation reliable and safe charges in a rigid cap or a combustible cartridge case. In addition, the D-11M variant did not have significant advantages over the D-22. It was recommended to use the scientific and technical basis of the research carried out to create the 152-mm self-propelled gun 2S11 "Gyacinth-SK". The problem of gas contamination in the fighting compartment of the 2S3 self-propelled gun was solved in a different way, namely by using a more powerful ejector and cartridges with improved sealing. After modifications, in 1971 the 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled artillery mount was adopted by the Soviet Army.
Modifications
Comparative table of performance characteristics of various modifications of the 2S3 self-propelled gun
2S3 | 2S3M | 2S3M1 | 2S3M2 | 2S3M2-155 | 2S3M3 | |
1970 | 1975 | 1987 | 2006 | experienced | experienced | |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 28 | 28 |
Gun index | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | M-385 | 2A33M |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 155 | 152,4 |
Barrel length, club | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 39 | 39 |
Angles VN, degrees | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+65 | -4...+65 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 40 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 24 | 21,4 | |
20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 30 | 25,1 | |
20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 25 | |
Panoramic sight | PG-4 | PG-4 | 1P5 | 1P5 | ||
Radio station | R-123 | R-123M | R-173 | R-173 | R-173 | R-168 |
Intercom equipment | R-124 | R-124 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 |
Mass production
Serial production of the 2S3 self-propelled guns was launched in 1970 (that is, before official adoption) at the Ural Transport Engineering Plant. As of 1973, the cost of one 2S3 self-propelled artillery mount was 30.5 thousand rubles. The production of the 2A33 howitzer was carried out by the Perm Lenin Plant until 1982, then production was transferred to the Volgograd Barricades plant. Production of 2S3 continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union and was stopped in 1993; in just 23 years of production, about 4,000 2S3 vehicles of various modifications were produced.
In the early 1970s, the Transmash Central Design Bureau carried out work to modernize the 2S3 self-propelled howitzer, since the basic modification had significant shortcomings in the layout of the fighting compartment and the design of the loading mechanism. The main changes affected mechanized laying. The modernized version has one mechanized drum-type stowage, instead of two on the basic one, which made it possible to increase the carried ammunition from 40 to 46 rounds. In addition, the configuration and location of the hatches in the rear of the hull and turret were changed, mechanized delivery of shots from the ground was introduced, the radio communication antenna was moved to the roof of the turret, and the R-123 radio station was replaced with the R-123M radio station. The upgraded version was assigned the index 2S3M. The 2S3M self-propelled gun was launched into serial production in 1975. Until 1975, about 200 cars were produced in the basic version.
The last Soviet modification of the 2S3 was the 2S3M1 self-propelled gun. Unlike the 2S3M, on this modification the gunner had a 1P5 panoramic sight installed. The R-124 intercom equipment was replaced with a new 1B116. Instead of the R-123M radio station, the R-173 radio station was installed. In addition, 2S3M1 was additionally equipped with 1V519 equipment for receiving command information from the vehicle of the senior battery officer (MSOB). This modification has been put into production since 1987.
The Russian Ministry of Defense has already returned to the issue of modernizing the 2S3 self-propelled howitzer. The new modification received the index 2S3M2. Unlike its predecessors, the vehicle is equipped with an automated guidance and fire control system 1B514-1 “Mekhanizator-M”. The vehicle's security has also been improved, thanks to the installation of the 902B system for setting up smoke screens for firing 81-mm smoke grenades. In addition to the main version intended for the Russian army, the Ural Transport Engineering Plant, together with OKB-9, developed an export version of the 2S3M2 self-propelled guns, which received the unofficial name 2S3M2-155, intended for potential foreign customers interested in converting existing 2S3 self-propelled guns to NATO standard caliber.
The latest experimental deep modernization of the 2S3M2 self-propelled howitzer was carried out under the designation 2S3M3. The changes affected the artillery part of the self-propelled howitzer. The 2A33 howitzer was replaced by a more powerful 152-mm 2A33M, unified in terms of ballistic solution with the 2A64 howitzer, which gave an increased (up to 19.8 km on a full charge and up to 18.9 km on an alternating charge) firing range of the 3OF25 high-explosive fragmentation projectile. compared to previous versions, as well as the possibility of using shots intended for 2S19 and 2A65 guns. In addition, the standard automated control system was replaced with a unified set of on-board equipment with improved characteristics.
Design
Armored hull and turret
The 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled howitzer is made according to the turret design that has become classic for self-propelled artillery. The body of the vehicle is welded from rolled steel armor plates and is divided into three compartments: power (engine and transmission), control and combat compartments. The engine and transmission compartment is located in the front part of the hull on the starboard side. To the left of it is the driver's seat with chassis controls. The fighting compartment is located in the middle and rear parts of the hull. A welded tower is installed on the roof of the hull on a ball shoulder strap. The turret contains a gun and crew seats. The loader's seat is located on the starboard side; the gunner's seat and sighting devices are installed on the left side in front of the turret. Behind the gunner is the position of the self-propelled gun commander. The commander's seat is equipped with a rotating turret mounted on the roof of the turret. In the rear part of the turret there is a stowage with charges, as well as stowages with projectiles (later replaced by a single mechanized drum stowage). Under the turret at the bottom of the hull there is a rotating floor platform. The platform has a storage area for charges, as well as a box for storing additional bundles of gunpowder. In the rear part of the hull there are two mechanized stowages for shells and charges of the main gun. Feeding into the stacks can be carried out from the ground through special feed hatches. The armor of the 2S3 self-propelled gun provides bulletproof and anti-fragmentation protection for the crew. The thickness of the front plates of the hull and turret is 30 mm, and the sides are 15 mm.
Armament
The main armament of the 2S3 self-propelled gun is the 152 mm 2A33 howitzer. The gun is completely unified in terms of ballistic characteristics and ammunition used with the 152-mm towed howitzer D-20. The main components of the 2A33 gun are: barrel, bolt, electrical equipment, rammer, recoil devices, cradle, fence, balancing and lifting mechanisms. The gun barrel is a pipe connected to the breech by a coupling; there is an ejector in the front part of the barrel; a muzzle brake is attached to the muzzle of the pipe. In the breech there is a vertical wedge bolt with a semi-automatic copy type. The gun can be fired either manually or with an electric trigger. The copy-type semi-automatic shutter is designed to open the shutter during the roll-up after firing the gun. For the first loading, a handle for manually opening the wedge is located on the right side of the breech. The cradle is welded; the rod of the anti-recoil devices and the sectors of the lifting mechanism are fixed in the cradle. A fence is bolted to the rear of the cradle. The guard contains elements of the trigger mechanism, a rammer, a ruler for measuring the recoil length, and a trigger locking mechanism. An electromechanical rammer for the projectile and charge, as well as a tray-catcher for the spent cartridge case, are designed to facilitate the work of the loader. Recoil devices consist of a hydraulic recoil brake, the cylinder of which is fixed in the breech of the gun, and a pneumatic knurler filled with nitrogen. The sector-type lifting mechanism ensures gun guidance in the range of angles from -4 to +60 degrees vertically. The lifting of the implement can be done either manually using a flywheel or using an electric motor. In addition, there is an electric release button in the handle of the lifting mechanism flywheel. The pneumatic balancing mechanism serves to compensate for the moment of imbalance of the swinging part of the implement. The transportable ammunition load of the 2S3 self-propelled gun is 40 rounds (46 for the 2S3M and subsequent modifications).
The main ammunition load of the 2A33 self-propelled howitzer includes 53-OF-540 high-explosive fragmentation shells with a maximum firing range of 17.05 km, as well as 3OF25 shells with an improved aerodynamic design and a maximum firing range of 17.4 km. Currently, adjustable projectiles “Centimeter” and “Krasnopol” have been developed for 2S3 to destroy armored vehicles in places where launchers are concentrated, long-term defensive structures, bridges and crossings. In addition, the use of lighting, concrete-piercing, chemical and nuclear projectiles, as well as radio jammer projectiles, is envisaged. To combat armored vehicles, the standard 2S3 ammunition includes 4 53-BP-540 cumulative ammunition. The ammunition is capable of penetrating 250 mm of homogeneous armor steel at distances of up to 3 km. In addition, firing at armored targets can be carried out with armor-piercing shells 53-Br-540 and 53-Br-540B, which are not included in the standard ammunition. The projectiles are capable of penetrating homogeneous armor with a thickness of 120 mm and 115 mm, respectively, at a distance of 1000 m. In addition to conventional types of ammunition, Akatsiya can fire special ammunition, for example, nuclear 3VB3 with a power of 1 kt and a firing range of 17.4 km. In addition, for the 152-mm howitzers ML-20, D-1, D-20 and 2S3, the USSR developed fragmentation and chemical shells filled with various toxic substances. The ballistics and overall mass characteristics of these projectiles approximately corresponded to their high-explosive fragmentation counterparts (for example, the ballistics of the 53-ХН-530 and 53-ХС-530 projectiles corresponded to the 53-ОФ-530 high-explosive fragmentation projectile). Additionally, the 2S3 self-propelled gun is equipped with a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun. The machine gun is mounted on a rotating turret of the self-propelled gun commander, vertical guidance angles range from -6 degrees to +15 degrees. For personal weapons of the howitzer crew, two mounts are provided for AKMS assault rifles, as well as a mount for a signal pistol. The transportable ammunition load of additional weapons includes: 1,500 rounds of ammunition for a machine gun, 600 rounds of ammunition for machine guns and 18 rockets for a signal pistol.
Surveillance and communications equipment
To aim the gun, carry out reconnaissance of the area during the day and at night, as well as for firing a machine gun, a TKN-3A combined sight with an OU-3GK searchlight is installed in the commander's cupola. The gunner's position is equipped with an artillery panoramic sight for firing from indirect firing positions and an OP5-38 direct fire sight for firing at observed targets. The driver's mechanic position is equipped with two TNPO-160 prism observation devices, as well as a TVNE-4B night vision device for driving at night.
External radio communication is supported by the R-123 radio station. The radio station operates in the VHF range and provides stable communication with similar stations at a distance of up to 28 km, depending on the height of the antenna of both radio stations. Negotiations between crew members are carried out through the R-124 intercom equipment.
Engine and transmission
The 2S3 is equipped with a V-shaped 12-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine V-59U, liquid-cooled and supercharged with a power of 520 hp. In addition to diesel fuel, the engine can operate on kerosene of the TS-1, T-1 and T-2 brands.
The transmission is mechanical, double-flow, with a planetary rotation mechanism. Has six forward and two reverse gears. The maximum theoretical speed in sixth forward gear is 60 km/h. In second reverse gear, travel speeds of up to 14 km/h are ensured.
Chassis
The 2S3 chassis is a modified SPTP SU-100P chassis and consists of six pairs of rubber-coated road wheels and four pairs of support rollers. There are guide wheels at the rear of the machine and drive wheels at the front. The caterpillar belt consists of small links with rubber-metal hinges of the lantern engagement. The width of each track is 484 mm with a pitch of 125 mm. Suspension 2S3 - individual torsion bar. The first and sixth road wheels are equipped with double-sided hydraulic shock absorbers. In order for the chassis to provide the specified parameters, the design of the SU-100P self-propelled gun chassis has undergone significant modification. Compared to the base vehicle, the road wheels and suspension system of the SAU 2S3 were strengthened, and the cooling system was also changed.
Combat use
The 2S3 self-propelled howitzer received its baptism of fire during the war in Afghanistan. The 2S3 howitzer was the most common self-propelled artillery unit of the 40th Army, therefore it often provided direct support for motorized rifle units during assault operations, where it was the basis of the artillery regimental groups of the 40th Army of the USSR. As of August 1, 1987, the 40th Army of the USSR still had three self-propelled artillery divisions armed with 2S3 self-propelled guns with a total number of 50 units. To protect the Akatsiya hull from fire from 12.7-mm DShK machine guns, self-propelled guns were hung with spare tracks and used shell boxes filled with sand. Since 1984, OKSVA began using 2S3 to escort convoys through the Salang Pass. The nature of the terrain predisposed to frequent ambushes by Afghan Mujahideen. Initially, 2S3 self-propelled howitzers were mistaken for tanks, one of the disadvantages of which was the small elevation angles of the gun. However, unlike tanks, Akatsiya self-propelled guns successfully provided artillery support while escorting columns, firing shrapnel shells at enemy forces. In 1985, during an operation against counter-revolutionary forces in the province of Khost, self-propelled guns 2S3 also provided artillery support to OKSVA forces. Near Paktia, self-propelled guns were ambushed, as a result of which at least one 2S3 was destroyed.
Almost at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War, supplies of self-propelled guns 2S1 and 2S3 began to Iraq from the USSR, which formed the basis of Iraqi artillery groups. In 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, 2S3 self-propelled guns were used by Iraqi troops. In general, Iraq's experience of using artillery was assessed as negative, which in turn contributed to the emergence of the myth that Soviet artillery was ineffective. However, when assessing the actions of the Iraqi artillery, the facts were not taken into account that the command and control system and the equipment of the artillery groups of the Iraqi forces did not meet Soviet standards of that time.
"Acacias" were used in June 1992 during the Transnistrian conflict, no details of use are available. One self-propelled howitzer 2S3 was used by Georgian artillery units during the war in Abkhazia; after 80-100 shots the gun failed. The 2S3 self-propelled gun was also used by Russian forces during the first and second Chechen conflicts. In August 2008, 2S3 self-propelled artillery units were used by Russian forces. One of the episodes of use was an artillery duel between Russian and Georgian artillery groups in the village of Shanghai. During the duel, the commander of one of the 2S3 self-propelled guns of the 693rd motorized rifle regiment died from a shrapnel wound; the reason for the loss was the choice of a convenient but clearly visible firing position from the Georgian side.
In 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, 2S3 self-propelled guns were used by government forces. During the civil war in Syria, Acacia self-propelled howitzers were used by units of the Syrian Arab Army, including when used in direct fire to have a negative psychological effect on enemy units. In 2014, during the Armed Conflict in eastern Ukraine, 2S3s were used by Ukrainian troops. In August 2014, the losses of 2S3 self-propelled guns by Ukrainian troops exceeded the losses of self-propelled howitzers of this type in other armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Several Akatsiya batteries were disabled by the VSN forces, part of the self-propelled guns were destroyed by Ukrainian troops, while at least one 2S3 artillery battalion was captured by the VSN troops. Among the reasons for the extremely unsuccessful use of the Akatsiya self-propelled guns during the Armed Conflict in eastern Ukraine are the low level of crew training and the unsatisfactory condition of self-propelled howitzers.
Machine evaluation
Comparative table of performance characteristics of 2S3 with artillery systems of the previous and next generation
Su-152G | 2S3 (2S3M) | 2S19 | |
Year of adoption | 1949 | 1971 (1975) | 1989 |
Combat weight, t | 23,8 | 27,5 | 42,0 |
Crew, people | 5 | 4 | 5 |
Implement installation type | open | closed | closed |
Gun brand | D-50/D-1 | 2A33 | 2A64 |
Barrel length, club. | 23 | 28 | 47 |
Angles VN, degrees | -5...+40 | -4...+60 | -4...+68 |
Angles GN, degrees | 143 | 360 | 360 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 42 | 40 (46) | 50 |
Maximum firing range of OFS, km | 13,7 | 17,4 | 24,7 |
Maximum firing range of AR OFS, km | - | 20,5 | 29 |
Maximum firing range of UAS, km | - | 20 | 25 |
Weight of OFS, kg | 40,00 | 43,56 | 43,56 |
3-4 | 1,9-3,5 | 7-8 | |
- | 7,62 | 12,7 | |
Maximum speed on the highway, km/h | 65 | 60 | 60 |
Cruising range on the highway, km | 290 | 500 | 500 |
Comparative table of performance characteristics of 2S3 with foreign analogues
USSR 2S3 | USA M109A1 | Japan Type 75 | China Type 83 | USSR 2S3M1 | USA M109A6 | |
Start of mass production | 1971 | 1973 | 1975 | 1984 | 1987 | 1991 |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 24,07 | 25,3 | 30 | 27,5 | 28,9 |
Crew, people | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 155 | 155 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 155 |
Barrel length, club | 28 | 39 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 39 |
Angles VN, degrees | -4...+60 | -3...+75 | -5...+65 | -4...+65 | -4...+60 | -3...+75 |
Angles GN, degrees | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 40 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 46 | 39 |
Maximum firing range of OFS, km | 17,4 | 18,1 | 15 | 17,23 | 17,4 | 22 |
Maximum firing range of AR OFS, km | 20,5 | 23,5 | 19 | 21,88 | 20,5 | 30 |
Maximum firing range of UAS, km | 20 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 30 | |
Weight of OFS, kg | 43,56 | 43,88 | 43,88 | 43,56 | 43,56 | 43,88 |
Combat rate of fire, rds/min | 1,9-3,5 | 1-4 | until 6 | up to 4 | 1,9-3,5 | 1-4 |
Anti-aircraft machine gun caliber, mm | 7,62 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 7,62 | 12,7 |
Maximum speed on the highway, km/h | 60 | 61 | 47 | 55 | 60 | 61 |
Cruising range on the highway, km | 500 | 299 | 300 | 450 | 500 | 299 |
Operators
Modern
Russia:
-Russian Ground Forces - 1800 units, of which 1000 are in storage, as of 2013
-Russian Marine Corps - 18 units. as of 2013
-Azerbaijan - 6 units. as of 2013, an additional 16 2S3 units were delivered from Ukraine between 2009 and 2010
-Algeria - 30 units. as of 2013, a total of 40 units were delivered.
-Armenia - 28 units. as of 2013
-Belarus - 108 units. as of 2013, a total of 166 units were delivered.
-Vietnam - 30 units. as of 2013
-Democratic Republic of the Congo - 10 units. as of 2013
-Georgia - 13 units. as of 2013; according to Gazeta. Ru", 8 units 2S3M as of 2008
-Kazakhstan - 120 units. as of 2013
-Cuba - 40 units 2S1 and 2S3 as of 2013
-Slovakia - 4 units. delivered between 1993 and 2010, destination unknown
-Syria - 50 units. as of 2013
-USA- 19 units delivered between 1993 and 2010, the exact purpose of the supplies is unknown, officially supplied for training; perhaps for the purpose of studying design solutions
-Turkmenistan - 16 units. as of 2013
-Uzbekistan - 17 units. as of 2013
-Ukraine - 463 units. as of 2013, a total of 501 units delivered
-Czech Republic - 13 units. supplied from Hungary between 1993 and 2010, destination unknown
-South Ossetia - 42 units. as of 2008
-South Sudan - 12 units. as of 2013
Former
USSR - passed to the states formed after the collapse
-Bulgaria - 4 units. delivered from the USSR in 1989, sold to Angola in 1999
-Hungary - 18 units. delivered from the USSR in 1981
-GDR - 95 units. delivered from the USSR in the period from 1979 to 1985, transferred to Germany. 9 units were sold to the USA, the rest may be in storage or subjected to demilitarization.
-Iraq - 150 units. delivered from the USSR in the period from 1980 to 1989, since 2006 withdrawn from service
Characteristics
Classification: self-propelled howitzer
-Combat weight, t: 27.5
-Layout diagram: front-engine
-Crew, people: 4
Dimensions:
-Case length, mm: 6970
-Length with gun forward, mm: 7765
-Case width, mm: 3250
-Height, mm: 3050
-Base, mm: 4622
-Gauge, mm: 2720
-Clearance, mm: 450
Reservations:
-Armor type: bulletproof
-Forehead of the body, mm/deg.: 30
-Hull side, mm/deg.: 15
-Tower forehead, mm/deg.: 30
-Tower side, mm/deg.: 15
Weapons:
-Caliber and brand of gun: 152 mm 2A33
-Gun type: rifled howitzer
-Barrel length, calibers: 28
-Cannon ammunition: 46
-VN angles, degrees: -4...+60 degrees
-GN angles, degrees: 360 degrees
-Firing range, km: up to 20.5
-Sights: PG-4, OP5-38, TKN-3A
-Machine guns: 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
Mobility:
-Engine: Manufacturer: ChTZ. Brand: V-59U. Type: diesel. Volume: 38,880 cc. Maximum power: 520 hp at 2000 rpm. Maximum torque: 2059 Nm, at 1200-1400 rpm. Configuration: V12. Cylinders: 12. Fuel consumption in the combined cycle: 180-220 l/100 km. Fuel consumption on the highway: 165 l/100 km. Cylinder diameter: 150 mm. Piston stroke: 180 mm. Cooling: liquid. Stroke (number of strokes): 4. Recommended fuel: multi-fuel.
-Highway speed, km/h: 60
-Speed over rough terrain, km/h: 25-30
-Highway range, km: 500
-Fuel tank capacity, l: 830
-Specific power, l. s./t: 19
-Suspension type: individual, torsion bar
-Specific pressure on the ground, kg/sq.cm: 0.6
- Climbability, degrees: 30 degrees
-Overcome wall, m: 0.7
-Ditch to be overcome, m: 3
-Fordability, m: 1
For the professional holiday of artillerymen and rocketeers, Warspot has prepared a review of heavy tracked self-propelled guns of the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries with a caliber of more than 152 mm.
Tracked self-propelled artillery systems continue to dominate in the 21st century, forming the basis of the mobile artillery fleet in many countries around the world. Wheeled self-propelled guns, despite the emergence of new interesting models, remain a niche weapon, the use of which is significantly limited by terrain conditions.
The evolution of tracked self-propelled guns over the course of about a century of history had common features with the development of tanks, which is not surprising - many self-propelled guns had and still have tank chassis as a base. The caliber of guns gradually grew, the combat weight of installations increased - but, as in the case of tanks, this trend persisted only to a certain point. In the case of tanks, the development of gigantism stopped as a result of the emergence of a “compromise” class of main tank, and for tracked self-propelled artillery units, the caliber of 152–155 mm became the limit.
If in the 50-70s self-propelled guns with guns with a caliber of up to 200 mm or more were created and put into service, today new self-propelled guns practically do not cross the threshold of 155 mm. A large caliber was considered by designers as a way to increase the firing range. But scientific and technological progress (for example, the creation of active rockets) made it possible to achieve a projectile flight range of up to 70 km without creating gigantic artillery systems. In addition, the niche of ultra-long-range artillery has been occupied to some extent by tactical and operational missiles.
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M44, USA. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1954. The photo shows an M44 during exercises in West Germany, 1960. Crew 5 people. Weight 31 tons, engine power 500 hp, maximum speed 56 km/h. Ammunition 24 rounds, rate of fire 1 shot per minute, firing range 14.6 km. About 600 M44s built
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M110, USA. 203 mm howitzer, produced since 1962. Crew 5 people. Weight 28.3 tons, engine power 450 hp, maximum speed 55 km/h. Ammunition 2 shells, firing range 16.8 km. More than 1,000 M44s were built. They continue to be in service in Greece, Iran, South Korea, Turkey, Japan, Taiwan and other countries.
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M-50 155mm, Israel. 155 mm howitzer, developed in the early 1960s. based on the Sherman tank. Calculation of 8 people. Weight 47 tons, engine power 460 hp. Ammunition capacity: 47 shells. About 120 machines were created
L-33/Ro"em, Israel, 155 mm howitzer. Another self-propelled gun based on the Sherman; probably about 200 units produced
M107, USA. 175 mm howitzer, produced since 1962. Photo shows an M107 firing during Operation San Angelo, Vietnam, 1968. Crew 5 people. Weight 28.3 tons, engine power 450 hp, speed up to 55 km/h. Ammunition capacity: 2 shells, firing range up to 32.7 km. They are in service in Israel, Iran, Turkey and Vietnam.
militarymashup.com
M109, USA. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1962. The photo shows an Egyptian M109 during the Operation Bright Star exercise on September 15, 2005. Crew 6 people. Weight 23.8 tons, engine power 450 hp, speed up to 61 km/h. Ammunition capacity of 28 shells, rate of fire up to 6 rounds/min, firing range up to 22 km. Standard NATO self-propelled gun
Bandkanon 1, Sweden. 155 mm howitzer, in service since 1967. Crew 5 people. Weight 52 tons, engine power 240+290 in modification A (300+290 in modification C) hp, maximum speed 28 km/h. Transportable ammunition: 14 rounds, rate of fire up to 15 (one in the barrel) rounds per 45 seconds
tv.nrk.no
2S3 "Akatsia", USSR. 152 mm howitzer, in service since 1971. Crew 4 people. Weight 27.5 tons, engine power 520 l/s, speed up to 60 km/h. Ammunition capacity of 40–46 rounds, rate of fire up to 3.5 rounds/min, firing range up to 25 km. About 4,000 2S3s were built. It is in service in about two dozen countries
gvtm.ru
Type 75, Japan. 155 mm howitzer, adopted for service in 1975. Crew 6 people. Weight 25.3 tons, engine power 450 hp, maximum speed 47 km/h. Ammunition 28 rounds, rate of fire 6 rounds/min, firing range up to 19 km. 201 units built
2S7 "Pion", USSR. 203 mm gun, produced since 1975. The photo shows an Azerbaijani self-propelled gun 2S7 in Baku. Crew 7 people. Weight 45 tons, engine power 780 hp, maximum speed 50 km/h. Ammunition 4 shells, firing range 50 km. More than 500 self-propelled guns were built. Available in the armies of Azerbaijan, Angola, Belarus, Georgia, Russia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine
2S5 "Gyacinth-S", USSR. 152 mm gun, produced since 1976. The photo shows a Belarusian self-propelled gun 2S5 at a parade in Minsk. Crew 5 people. Weight 27.5 tons, engine power 520 hp, speed up to 63 km/h. Ammunition capacity of 30 rounds, firing range up to 33 km. More than 2,000 2S5 self-propelled guns were built. Used in Belarus, Russia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Finland
AMX AuF1, France. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1977. The photo shows a Saudi AuF1 with its crew. Crew 4 people. Weight 46 tons, engine power 720 hp, maximum speed 60 km/h. Ammunition 42 rounds, firing range 30 km, rate of fire 8 rounds/min. Operated in Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and France
M1978 "Koksan", North Korea. 170 mm gun, in service since 1978. Calculation of 8 people. Weight 46 tons, speed up to 40 km/h. It does not carry any ammunition, the rate of fire is 1–2 rounds per 5 minutes, the firing range is up to 40–60 km. Delivered to Iran and Iraq
modelsuwemilitaria.blogspot.com.by
Palmaria, Italy. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1982. The photo shows Libyan Palmaria self-propelled guns near Ajdabiya in 2011. Crew 5 people. Weight 46 tons, engine power 750 hp, speed up to 60 km/h. Ammunition 30 rounds, firing range up to 30 km, rate of fire 4 rounds/min. 235 vehicles were built and delivered to Libya and Nigeria; towers - to Argentina
2S19 "Msta-S", USSR. 152 mm howitzer, in service since 1989. Crew 5 people. Weight 42 tons, engine power 780–840 hp, speed up to 60 km/h. Ammunition 50 rounds, firing range up to 29 km, rate of fire 7–10 rounds/min. More than 720 vehicles were built. They are in service in Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Venezuela, Ukraine, Ethiopia
M109A6 Paladin, USA. 155-mm howitzer, modification of the M109 with a new turret, radio station and fire control system, adopted for service in the United States in 1992. Crew 5 people. Weight 32 tons. Ammunition 39 rounds, firing range up to 30 km, rate of fire up to 4 rounds/min. About 1200 self-propelled guns were produced. In service in the USA and Saudi Arabia
afcent.af.mil
AS-90, UK. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1992. Crew 5 people. Weight 45 tons, engine power 660 hp, maximum speed 53 km/h. Ammunition 48 rounds, firing range up to 40 km. 179 vehicles were built. In service in the UK
PLZ-45, China. 155 mm howitzer, in service since 1997. The photo shows a Kuwait Army PLZ-45. Crew 5 people. Weight 43 tons, engine 520 hp, speed up to 55 km/h. Ammunition 30 rounds, firing range up to 39 km, rate of fire 4–5 rounds/min. In service in China, also supplied to Algeria, Bangladesh, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia
K9 Thunder, South Korea. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1999. Crew 5 people. Weight 47 tons, engine power 1000 hp, speed up to 67 km/h. Ammunition 48 rounds, firing range up to 40 km, rate of fire 6–8 rounds/min. 1140 units produced; Licensed production has been established in Turkey (about 180 vehicles have been produced)
krigeren.dk
PzH 2000, Germany. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1998. Calculation of 5 people. Weight 55 tons, engine power 986 hp, maximum speed 60 km/h. Ammunition capacity 60 rounds, firing range up to 40 km (a world record of 56 km was set), rate of fire 8–10 rounds/min. More than 300 pieces produced; is in service in Germany, Greece, Italy and the Netherlands
Type 99, Japan. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 1999. Crew 4 people. Weight 40 tons, engine power 600 hp, maximum speed 60 km/h. Ammunition 30 rounds, firing range up to 38 km, rate of fire up to 6 rounds/min. 111 units produced; is in service in Japan
ddmurasame.deviantart.com
SSPH Primus, Singapore. 155 mm howitzer, in service since 2004. Crew 4 people. Weight 28.3 tons, engine power 550 hp, maximum speed 50 km/h. Ammunition 26 rounds, firing range up to 30 km, rate of fire up to 6 rounds/min. 48 self-propelled guns were built; is in service in Singapore
PLZ-05, China. 155 mm howitzer, produced since 2007. Crew 5 people. Weight 35 tons, engine power 520 hp, maximum speed 55 km/h. Ammunition 30 rounds, firing range up to 52 km, rate of fire up to 8 rounds/min. About 276 built. In service in China
AHS Krab, Poland. A 155-mm howitzer with a turret from the British AS-90 and a chassis based on Polish-made T-72 components (pictured). Produced since 2008. Crew 5 people. Weight 52.1 tons, engine power 850 hp, speed up to 60 km/h. Ammunition 26 rounds, firing range up to 40 km, rate of fire up to 6 rounds/min. 10 self-propelled guns built
2S35 "Coalition-SV", Russia. 152 mm howitzer, produced since 2013. Crew 3 people. Weight up to 48 tons, engine power 1000 l/s. Ammunition capacity is 50–70 rounds, the stated firing range is up to 70 km and the rate of fire is up to 16 rounds/min. 12 vehicles were built. Self-propelled guns were officially demonstrated for the first time on May 9, 2015
The post-war period was characterized by a sharp complication of the tasks of divisional, corps and army artillery. In the face of the possible use of nuclear weapons and taking into account the capabilities of advanced technologies, it was necessary to urgently reconsider the role of self-propelled artillery in the entire weapons system.
The result was the creation in the late 60s and early 70s of a number of heavy artillery systems, such as: 122 mm self-propelled howitzer, 152 mm self-propelled gun 2S5 "Gyacinth-S", self-propelled 203.2 mm. A worthy representative of the above-mentioned “flower garden” was the divisional self-propelled howitzer 2S3 “Akatsiya”.
Background and history of the appearance of the howitzer
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, self-propelled artillery regiments were left with self-propelled artillery units that quickly became obsolete, although they had proven themselves excellent in anti-tank warfare and in breaking through fortified areas: SU-76, SU-85, SU-100, SU-152 and ISU-152.
But the emergence of ATGMs, on the one hand, and the absence of the need for narrow specialization, on the other, created the preconditions for the emergence of qualitatively new systems.
The military understood the need to develop self-propelled guns for firing from indirect firing positions during the war, so their design began already in 1947. However, the voluntary decisions of N. S. Khrushchev, who came to power and fell under the influence of nuclear scientists and rocket developers, forced all work to be curtailed.
Since 1963, after the removal of Khrushchev, the All-Russian Research Institute of Transport Engineering (VNII-100) has been conducting research to formulate the proposed type of new self-propelled guns.
Not only the experience of creating their own self-propelled guns was taken into account. The one that appeared in the US Army and its towed counterpart were actively studied.
On July 4, 1967, Resolution No. 609-201 of the USSR Council of Ministers was issued on the start of full-scale development of heavy self-propelled systems. A special requirement for them is the ability to fire nuclear weapons. Moreover, for the American M109 they created the M454 nuclear projectile (power - 0.1 kilotons).
The choice of weapon did not cause controversy - . But there was a hitch with the choice of chassis. We examined “Object 124”, the chassis of the 2K11 “Krug” anti-aircraft missile system and “Object 432”, the chassis of the new T-64 tank. However, none of them came up.
For the self-propelled guns, the main part of the weight of which fell on the turret and gun complex located in the stern, it was decided to use a front-engine chassis layout. This design was developed by engineer G.S. Efimov.
The design had sufficient torque and was designed for the V-59U multi-fuel diesel engine located in the front part of the chassis. The rear part of the chassis was intended to accommodate equipment and ammunition.
The Ural Transport Engineering Plant was appointed the lead developer of the new self-propelled gun.
Numerous tests led to the abandonment of cap loading, planned for use in the product.
Unburnt parts of the fabric cap could cause the next charge to ignite. For this reason, cartridge-type charges were used to arm self-propelled guns. This solution greatly simplified the placement, storage and transportation of ammunition for the howitzer.
Increased gas contamination in the compartment was eliminated by installing a powerful ejector and creating sleeves with improved sealing, i.e. more complete locking of the barrel when firing.
After eliminating the identified deficiencies in 1970, the final version of the 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled howitzer (object 303) was put into production. An interesting detail is that the series launch began a year before it was put into service.
Design and modifications of 2S3
Rolled armor steel was used to make the hull and turret. The thickness of the armor protection was 30 mm in the frontal part of the self-propelled gun and 15 mm on the sides. This was enough to protect against bullets and shrapnel.
At the same time, it was planned to use artillery systems in the rear of existing units, without reaching the front edge of the front. A rotating turret was used to place the artillery gun.
The engine and transmission compartment is covered with armored steel and is located on the right in front of the installation.
Engine – multi-fuel diesel V-59U, supercharged power 520 hp.
To the left of the front engine is the driver's seat. For driving, periscope devices are used, at night a night vision device with IR illumination, the headlight for it is located on the SAO turret.
The rest of the free space is given over to the placement of an artillery system with equipment and equipment, ammunition and duplicated control and communication systems.
The turret with the gun is mounted on a ball chase of the hull. To the left in front of the gun is the gunner's seat with the necessary guidance devices - the PG-4 artillery panorama and the OP5-38 sight.
The command chair is placed behind the gunner's seat, and the roof is equipped with a rotating commander's cupola with a TKN-3A combined sight and an OU-3GK searchlight. A 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is mounted on the turret.
To the right of the gun is a place for the loader. The aft compartment is used for stowing charges and shells.
Later modifications are equipped with a single drum mechanized laying.
Bunches of gunpowder are placed in a box on the floor; this is necessary to complete the charges for firing at a certain range. Next to the box is storage for shells. The supply of ammunition from the ground is made possible by two mechanical stowages (for shells and charges) and hatches in the stern. The main weapon of the self-propelled gun is the 152-mm howitzer 2A33.
The ballistics and barrel are unified with the towed version of the D-20 gun. The ammunition is standardized, the howitzer can use the entire range of 152 mm shells for howitzers of this caliber produced in the USSR and Russia.
The charges are designed specifically for self-propelled guns, in metal casings.
The weapon consists of:
- barrel, in terms of ballistic characteristics it repeats the D-20 barrel, but at the same time differs in mechanization. The self-propelled gun is equipped with an ejector and a device for purging the barrel after a shot;
- shutter, vertical wedge type, with mechanical or electrical control;
- rammer;
- recoil device systems, the presence of a serviceable, normally functioning hydraulic system is essential for using a howitzer in a cramped self-propelled gun compartment;
- cradles, it was this design that made it possible to place the gun;
- balancing and lifting mechanisms, this device allows you to set the required elevation angles and fix the barrel at them;
- fencing, it is necessary to protect the crew members at the time of the shot.
The presence of a muzzle brake significantly reduces recoil when firing. The muzzle brake is cast, multi-chamber, jet type. A semi-automatic wedge breech with automation operating on the principle of a copier is placed on the breech block.
Automation opens the lock after a shot, facilitating the correct ejection of the cartridge case. A special handle to the right of the breech allows you to manually open the bolt.
Near the breech, on the fence, mounted:
- control parts of the electric trigger and backup mechanics;
- charge rammer;
- measuring scale for controlling the rollback of the gun body;
- shot prohibition safety mechanism.
The turret has two mounts for AKMS/AKS-74 assault rifles, which, if the equipment is damaged, together with the PKT machine gun and F-1 grenades in the stowage, will serve for self-defense of the crew.
Vertical adjustment is carried out by an electric lift; in case of failure, all electrical equipment is duplicated for mechanical control.
Similarly, the descent is carried out either using an electric trigger or by pressing the lever with your hand. To prevent vertical vibrations of the implement, a pneumatic balancing mechanism has been created.
The first modernization was carried out after the production of almost two hundred self-propelled guns. By installing one new mechanized stowage, it was possible to add six rounds to the transportable ammunition load and made it possible to mechanically supply ammunition from the ground. The radio station R-123 was replaced with R123M. The modernized vehicle went into production under the name 2S3M in 1975.
During the modernization in 1987, the GRAU index was replaced with 2С3М1 and the following work was carried out:
- panorama PG-4 was replaced by 1P5;
- internal communication R-124 was replaced by a more advanced complex 1B116;
- outdated radio stations of the R-123M type were replaced with modern ones, equipped with an encryption complex, R-173;
- We installed 1V519 equipment to receive information from the fire control vehicle.
The next modernization became possible only in 2006. The self-propelled guns were adapted for the installation and use of the 1V514-1 Mekhanizator-M automatic guidance, adjustment and fire control system.
In addition, 82 mm mortars were installed on the armor to provide a smoke screen for the 1B519. The gun was replaced with the 2A33M version, with the ability to fire active rockets of the Krasnopol type and a slightly modified purge system.
For export deliveries, the 2S3M2-155 version was simultaneously created; in this case, the gun and ammunition storage racks were replaced with shells and charges more suitable for 155 mm. This complex is intended for countries using NATO standard ammunition.
Characteristics of 2S3 "Acacia"
The performance characteristics of self-propelled howitzers of various modifications are presented in the table:
2S3 | 2S3M | 2S3M1 | 2S3M2 | 2S3M2-155 | 2S3M3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1975 | 1987 | 2006 | experienced | experienced | |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 28 | 28 |
Gun index | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | M-385 | 2A33M |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | M-385 | 152,4 |
Barrel length in calibers | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 39 | 39 |
Elevation angles | −4…+60 | −4…+60 | −4…+60 | −4…+60 | −4…+65 | −4…+65 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 40 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
OFS, km | 17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 24 | 21,4 |
Maximum firing range AR OFS, km | 20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 30 | 25,1 |
Maximum firing range UAS, km | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 25 |
Panoramic sight | PG-4 | PG-4 | 1P5 | 1P5 | - | - |
Radio station | R-123 | R-123M | R-173 | R-173 | R-173 | R-168 |
Intercom equipment | R-124 | R-124 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 |
Comparison with foreign models and combat use of 2S3 "Akatsiya"
You can compare the tactical and technical characteristics of self-propelled guns using the table below. As you can see, the latest versions of “Acacia” are quite at the level of Western models, but nevertheless, at present, a number of questions are raised by the caliber used.
Western countries after World War II switched to the 155 mm caliber; it provides more opportunities for modernization than the 152 mm caliber we are used to. 3 millimeters of difference is not much, but the difference in the weight of the explosive and the total mass of the projectile increases significantly due to these 3 mm. In addition, it should be noted the long barrel length of foreign howitzers.
First of all, this is due to economical and technological methods of metal processing; it is worth noting that howitzers with a longer barrel length are currently in service in the Russian Federation. “Acacia” was put into service with the possibility of transportation by aviation and rail, which imposed certain restrictions on its overall dimensions.
Currently, methods are being sought to improve the firing range and combat load of projectiles of this caliber, this is due both to the impossibility of modernizing the technological lines for the production of projectiles and charges for them, and to the search for new technologies and solutions in barrel processing.
2S3 USSR | M109A1 USA | Type 75 Japan | Type 83 China | M109A6 USA | 2S3M1 RF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start of mass production | 1971 | 1973 | 1975 | 1984 | 1991 | 1987 |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 24,07 | 25,3 | 30 | 28,9 | 27,5 |
Crew, people | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 155 | 155 | 152,4 | 155 | 152,4 |
Barrel length, club. | 28 | 39 | 30 | 28 | 39 | 28 |
Angles VN, degrees | −4…+60 | −3…+75 | −5…+65 | −4…+65 | −3…+75 | −4…+60 |
Carryable ammunition, rounds | 40 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 46 |
Maximum firing range OFS, km | 17,4 | 18,1 | 15 | 17,23 | 22 | 17,4 |
Maximum firing range AR OFS, km | 20,5 | 23,5 | 19 | 21,88 | 30 | 20,5 |
Weight of OFS, kg | 43,56 | 43,88 | 43,88 | Up to 4 | 43,88 | 43,56 |
Combat rate of fire, rds/min | 1,9-3,5 | 1-4 | Until 6 | Up to 4 | 1-4 | 1,9-3,5 |
Maximum speed on the highway, km/h | 60 | 61 | 47 | 55 | 61 | 60 |
Cruising range on the highway, km | 500 | 299 | 300 | 450 | 299 | 500 |
Howitzer purpose:
- destruction of concentrations of military units and armored personnel carriers;
- counter-battery shooting, with adjustment of fire by the “Zoo” complex or the like;
- destruction of missile launchers;
- destruction of heavy armored vehicles in marching columns or in crowded areas;
- destruction of strongholds;
- destruction of DOS and DZOS.
It has been used successfully in a variety of conflicts for over 40 years. She passed her first trial by combat in Afghanistan. Having become the main self-propelled gun of the 40th Army, in the amount of 50 pieces, "Acacia" accompanied columns and participated in assaults on fortified areas.
The use of "Acacias" during clearing villages at direct fire is known. It is worth noting that in this case, this command decision was justified by the lack of heavy anti-tank weapons in the Mujahideen's arsenal. Otherwise, the self-propelled guns would have been destroyed in their firing positions.
2S3 also took part in the following combat operations:
- conflicts in Africa, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Congo;
- fighting in the Middle East;
- war in Afghanistan;
- Chechen wars.
Today, 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled howitzers are available in more than twenty-five countries around the world.
Having earned positive reviews, being easy to operate and reliable in combat, the Akatsiya will serve for a long time not only in the Russian army, but also in the armies of other states. And the use of the latest guided ammunition allows it to correspond to the most modern artillery models.
Video
SAU 2S3 Akatsiya is a Soviet 152-mm divisional self-propelled howitzer, designed to suppress and destroy manpower, artillery and mortar batteries, rocket launchers, tanks, fire weapons, control posts and tactical nuclear attack weapons.
Self-propelled howitzer 2S3 Akatsiya (GABTU - object 303)
Developed at the Ural Transport Engineering Plant.
The chief designer of the chassis is G. S. Efimov, the 152 mm 2A33 gun is F. F. Petrov.
History of creation
At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union's arsenal consisted mainly of anti-tank and assault self-propelled guns, whose main function was the direct escort of infantry and tanks and direct fire at enemy targets. At the same time, Western countries and the United States already had self-propelled guns designed for firing from closed positions.
Gradually, self-propelled artillery in these countries began to displace towed artillery. The indispensability of self-propelled artillery in local conflicts became obvious, therefore, in the period from 1947 to 1953, research was carried out to create new self-propelled howitzers, but in 1955, at the direction of N. S. Khrushchev, most work on self-propelled artillery was stopped. Some time later, the USSR Ministry of Defense came to the conclusion that a strategic nuclear war was unlikely, since it would lead to the destruction of both warring parties. At the same time, local conflicts using tactical nuclear weapons could become more realistic. In such conflicts, self-propelled artillery had an undeniable advantage over towed artillery.
With the resignation of N.S. Khrushchev, the development of self-propelled artillery in the USSR was resumed. By this time, the United States was already in service with the 155-mm M109 self-propelled howitzer, the ammunition of which included the M454 nuclear round with a yield of 0.1 kt. In 1965, at the Lvov training ground, Soviet troops conducted large-scale exercises using artillery installations from the Great Patriotic War. The results of the exercises showed that the self-propelled artillery units in service did not meet the requirements of modern combat. In order to eliminate the gap between Soviet self-propelled artillery and the artillery of NATO countries, in 1967 a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 609-201 of July 4 was issued. In accordance with this decree, the development of a new 152 mm self-propelled howitzer was officially begun.
Previously, VNII-100, from 1963 to 1965, carried out research work to determine the appearance and basic characteristics of the new self-propelled guns. During the research, two variants of self-propelled guns were developed. The first is based on the Object 124 chassis (in turn, created on the basis of the SU-100P), the second is based on the then promising medium tank Object 432. In both versions, the main weapon was a 152-mm howitzer with D-20 ballistics. Based on the results of the work, it was found that the front-engine layout would be optimal for the new self-propelled howitzer, as well as the presence of an additional power take-off for auxiliary equipment. The 5TDF engine did not allow such needs to be realized. VNII-100 developed options with a front-engine engine layout, as well as with the possibility of taking power from a free clutch, but the projects were not implemented, and it was recommended to use a chassis produced by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant as a base. The resulting developments formed the basis of the development work under the name “Acacia” (GRAU index - 2C3). "Acacia" was supposed to go into service with artillery regiments of tank and motorized rifle divisions to replace the 152-mm howitzers ML-20, D-1 and D-20.
Table of performance characteristics of preliminary projects 2S3, completed at VNII-100
The Ural Transport Engineering Plant was appointed the main developer of 2S3; the 2A33 howitzer (in-house designation D-22) was designed at OKB-9. At the end of 1968, production of the first two prototypes of the 2S3 was completed, and in October 1969, factory tests were completed. In parallel, in the summer of 1969, 4 more vehicles were manufactured for field testing. Tests revealed high gas contamination in the fighting compartment. At the same time, a similar situation arose with the 122-mm regimental self-propelled howitzer 2S1. At the same time, cap versions of howitzers were developed for both self-propelled artillery installations. On the basis of the 2A33, a 152-mm howitzer D-11 with cap loading was developed. Instead of a wedge bolt, a chain rammer and charges in a sleeve, the D-11 used a piston bolt, a pneumatic rammer and cap charges. However, tests have shown that the disadvantages of the new D-11 howitzer are similar, since the intensity of the shots remained the same, while maintaining the same accuracy and firing range. In addition, inconvenience was identified when working with charge canisters, as well as design flaws in the pneumatic rammer, as a result of which the rate of fire remained at the level of the base gun. Further improvement of the D-11 design led to the creation of a modernized model under the designation D-11M, which showed an increase in the firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile to 19.3 km thanks to an enlarged chamber and the use of more powerful cap charges.
In 1971, the 3rd Central Research Institute, within the framework of the Development research work, reviewed and analyzed the results of work on cap versions of 122 mm and 152 mm howitzers. Despite the obtained indicators, the 3rd Central Research Institute concluded that it was inappropriate to conduct further research on the cap version of the 2A33 howitzer. The main reason was the lack at that time of a technical solution that would make it possible to create and put into operation reliable and safe charges in a rigid cap or a combustible cartridge case. In addition, the D-11M variant did not have significant advantages over the D-22. It was recommended to use the scientific and technical basis of the research carried out to create the 152-mm self-propelled gun 2S11 "Gyacinth-SK". The problem of gas contamination in the fighting compartment of the 2S3 self-propelled gun was solved in a different way, namely by using a more powerful ejector and cartridges with improved sealing. After modifications, in 1971 the 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled artillery mount was adopted by the Soviet Army.
Modifications
Comparative table of performance characteristics of various modifications of the 2S3 self-propelled gun
2S3 | 2S3M | 2S3M1 | 2S3M2 | 2S3M2-155 | 2S3M3 | |
1970 | 1975 | 1987 | 2006 | experienced | experienced | |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 27,5 | 28 | 28 |
Gun index | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | 2A33 | M-385 | 2A33M |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 155 | 152,4 |
Barrel length, club | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 39 | 39 |
Angles VN, degrees | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+60 | -4...+65 | -4...+65 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 40 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 17,4 | 24 | 21,4 | |
20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 20,5 | 30 | 25,1 | |
20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 25 | |
Panoramic sight | PG-4 | PG-4 | 1P5 | 1P5 | ||
Radio station | R-123 | R-123M | R-173 | R-173 | R-173 | R-168 |
Intercom equipment | R-124 | R-124 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 | 1B116 |
Mass production
Serial production of the 2S3 self-propelled guns was launched in 1970 (that is, before official adoption) at the Ural Transport Engineering Plant. As of 1973, the cost of one 2S3 self-propelled artillery mount was 30.5 thousand rubles. The production of the 2A33 howitzer was carried out by the Perm Lenin Plant until 1982, then production was transferred to the Volgograd Barricades plant. Production of 2S3 continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union and was stopped in 1993; in just 23 years of production, about 4,000 2S3 vehicles of various modifications were produced.
In the early 1970s, the Transmash Central Design Bureau carried out work to modernize the 2S3 self-propelled howitzer, since the basic modification had significant shortcomings in the layout of the fighting compartment and the design of the loading mechanism. The main changes affected mechanized laying. The modernized version has one mechanized drum-type stowage, instead of two on the basic one, which made it possible to increase the carried ammunition from 40 to 46 rounds. In addition, the configuration and location of the hatches in the rear of the hull and turret were changed, mechanized delivery of shots from the ground was introduced, the radio communication antenna was moved to the roof of the turret, and the R-123 radio station was replaced with the R-123M radio station. The upgraded version was assigned the index 2S3M. The 2S3M self-propelled gun was launched into serial production in 1975. Until 1975, about 200 cars were produced in the basic version.
The last Soviet modification of the 2S3 was the 2S3M1 self-propelled gun. Unlike the 2S3M, on this modification the gunner had a 1P5 panoramic sight installed. The R-124 intercom equipment was replaced with a new 1B116. Instead of the R-123M radio station, the R-173 radio station was installed. In addition, 2S3M1 was additionally equipped with 1V519 equipment for receiving command information from the vehicle of the senior battery officer (MSOB). This modification has been put into production since 1987.
The Russian Ministry of Defense has already returned to the issue of modernizing the 2S3 self-propelled howitzer. The new modification received the index 2S3M2. Unlike its predecessors, the vehicle is equipped with an automated guidance and fire control system 1B514-1 “Mekhanizator-M”. The vehicle's security has also been improved, thanks to the installation of the 902B system for setting up smoke screens for firing 81-mm smoke grenades. In addition to the main version intended for the Russian army, the Ural Transport Engineering Plant, together with OKB-9, developed an export version of the 2S3M2 self-propelled guns, which received the unofficial name 2S3M2-155, intended for potential foreign customers interested in converting existing 2S3 self-propelled guns to NATO standard caliber.
The latest experimental deep modernization of the 2S3M2 self-propelled howitzer was carried out under the designation 2S3M3. The changes affected the artillery part of the self-propelled howitzer. The 2A33 howitzer was replaced by a more powerful 152-mm 2A33M, unified in terms of ballistic solution with the 2A64 howitzer, which gave an increased (up to 19.8 km on a full charge and up to 18.9 km on an alternating charge) firing range of the 3OF25 high-explosive fragmentation projectile. compared to previous versions, as well as the possibility of using shots intended for 2S19 and 2A65 guns. In addition, the standard automated control system was replaced with a unified set of on-board equipment with improved characteristics.
Design
Armored hull and turret
The 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled howitzer is made according to the turret design that has become classic for self-propelled artillery. The body of the vehicle is welded from rolled steel armor plates and is divided into three compartments: power (engine and transmission), control and combat compartments. The engine and transmission compartment is located in the front part of the hull on the starboard side. To the left of it is the driver's seat with chassis controls. The fighting compartment is located in the middle and rear parts of the hull. A welded tower is installed on the roof of the hull on a ball shoulder strap. The turret contains a gun and crew seats. The loader's seat is located on the starboard side; the gunner's seat and sighting devices are installed on the left side in front of the turret. Behind the gunner is the position of the self-propelled gun commander. The commander's seat is equipped with a rotating turret mounted on the roof of the turret. In the rear part of the turret there is a stowage with charges, as well as stowages with projectiles (later replaced by a single mechanized drum stowage). Under the turret at the bottom of the hull there is a rotating floor platform. The platform has a storage area for charges, as well as a box for storing additional bundles of gunpowder. In the rear part of the hull there are two mechanized stowages for shells and charges of the main gun. Feeding into the stacks can be carried out from the ground through special feed hatches. The armor of the 2S3 self-propelled gun provides bulletproof and anti-fragmentation protection for the crew. The thickness of the front plates of the hull and turret is 30 mm, and the sides are 15 mm.
Armament
The main armament of the 2S3 self-propelled gun is the 152 mm 2A33 howitzer. The gun is completely unified in terms of ballistic characteristics and ammunition used with the 152-mm towed howitzer D-20. The main components of the 2A33 gun are: barrel, bolt, electrical equipment, rammer, recoil devices, cradle, fence, balancing and lifting mechanisms. The gun barrel is a pipe connected to the breech by a coupling; there is an ejector in the front part of the barrel; a muzzle brake is attached to the muzzle of the pipe. In the breech there is a vertical wedge bolt with a semi-automatic copy type. The gun can be fired either manually or with an electric trigger. The copy-type semi-automatic shutter is designed to open the shutter during the roll-up after firing the gun. For the first loading, a handle for manually opening the wedge is located on the right side of the breech. The cradle is welded; the rod of the anti-recoil devices and the sectors of the lifting mechanism are fixed in the cradle. A fence is bolted to the rear of the cradle. The guard contains elements of the trigger mechanism, a rammer, a ruler for measuring the recoil length, and a trigger locking mechanism. An electromechanical rammer for the projectile and charge, as well as a tray-catcher for the spent cartridge case, are designed to facilitate the work of the loader. Recoil devices consist of a hydraulic recoil brake, the cylinder of which is fixed in the breech of the gun, and a pneumatic knurler filled with nitrogen. The sector-type lifting mechanism ensures gun guidance in the range of angles from -4 to +60 degrees vertically. The lifting of the implement can be done either manually using a flywheel or using an electric motor. In addition, there is an electric release button in the handle of the lifting mechanism flywheel. The pneumatic balancing mechanism serves to compensate for the moment of imbalance of the swinging part of the implement. The transportable ammunition load of the 2S3 self-propelled gun is 40 rounds (46 for the 2S3M and subsequent modifications).
The main ammunition load of the 2A33 self-propelled howitzer includes 53-OF-540 high-explosive fragmentation shells with a maximum firing range of 17.05 km, as well as 3OF25 shells with an improved aerodynamic design and a maximum firing range of 17.4 km. Currently, adjustable projectiles “Centimeter” and “Krasnopol” have been developed for 2S3 to destroy armored vehicles in places where launchers are concentrated, long-term defensive structures, bridges and crossings. In addition, the use of lighting, concrete-piercing, chemical and nuclear projectiles, as well as radio jammer projectiles, is envisaged. To combat armored vehicles, the standard 2S3 ammunition includes 4 53-BP-540 cumulative ammunition. The ammunition is capable of penetrating 250 mm of homogeneous armor steel at distances of up to 3 km. In addition, firing at armored targets can be carried out with armor-piercing shells 53-Br-540 and 53-Br-540B, which are not included in the standard ammunition. The projectiles are capable of penetrating homogeneous armor with a thickness of 120 mm and 115 mm, respectively, at a distance of 1000 m. In addition to conventional types of ammunition, Akatsiya can fire special ammunition, for example, nuclear 3VB3 with a power of 1 kt and a firing range of 17.4 km. In addition, for the 152-mm howitzers ML-20, D-1, D-20 and 2S3, the USSR developed fragmentation and chemical shells filled with various toxic substances. The ballistics and overall mass characteristics of these projectiles approximately corresponded to their high-explosive fragmentation counterparts (for example, the ballistics of the 53-ХН-530 and 53-ХС-530 projectiles corresponded to the 53-ОФ-530 high-explosive fragmentation projectile). Additionally, the 2S3 self-propelled gun is equipped with a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun. The machine gun is mounted on a rotating turret of the self-propelled gun commander, vertical guidance angles range from -6 degrees to +15 degrees. For personal weapons of the howitzer crew, two mounts are provided for AKMS assault rifles, as well as a mount for a signal pistol. The transportable ammunition load of additional weapons includes: 1,500 rounds of ammunition for a machine gun, 600 rounds of ammunition for machine guns and 18 rockets for a signal pistol.
Surveillance and communications equipment
To aim the gun, carry out reconnaissance of the area during the day and at night, as well as for firing a machine gun, a TKN-3A combined sight with an OU-3GK searchlight is installed in the commander's cupola. The gunner's position is equipped with an artillery panoramic sight for firing from indirect firing positions and an OP5-38 direct fire sight for firing at observed targets. The driver's mechanic position is equipped with two TNPO-160 prism observation devices, as well as a TVNE-4B night vision device for driving at night.
External radio communication is supported by the R-123 radio station. The radio station operates in the VHF range and provides stable communication with similar stations at a distance of up to 28 km, depending on the height of the antenna of both radio stations. Negotiations between crew members are carried out through the R-124 intercom equipment.
Engine and transmission
The 2S3 is equipped with a V-shaped 12-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine V-59U, liquid-cooled and supercharged with a power of 520 hp. In addition to diesel fuel, the engine can operate on kerosene of the TS-1, T-1 and T-2 brands.
The transmission is mechanical, double-flow, with a planetary rotation mechanism. Has six forward and two reverse gears. The maximum theoretical speed in sixth forward gear is 60 km/h. In second reverse gear, travel speeds of up to 14 km/h are ensured.
Chassis
The 2S3 chassis is a modified SPTP SU-100P chassis and consists of six pairs of rubber-coated road wheels and four pairs of support rollers. There are guide wheels at the rear of the machine and drive wheels at the front. The caterpillar belt consists of small links with rubber-metal hinges of the lantern engagement. The width of each track is 484 mm with a pitch of 125 mm. Suspension 2S3 - individual torsion bar. The first and sixth road wheels are equipped with double-sided hydraulic shock absorbers. In order for the chassis to provide the specified parameters, the design of the SU-100P self-propelled gun chassis has undergone significant modification. Compared to the base vehicle, the road wheels and suspension system of the SAU 2S3 were strengthened, and the cooling system was also changed.
Combat use
The 2S3 self-propelled howitzer received its baptism of fire during the war in Afghanistan. The 2S3 howitzer was the most common self-propelled artillery unit of the 40th Army, therefore it often provided direct support for motorized rifle units during assault operations, where it was the basis of the artillery regimental groups of the 40th Army of the USSR. As of August 1, 1987, the 40th Army of the USSR still had three self-propelled artillery divisions armed with 2S3 self-propelled guns with a total number of 50 units. To protect the Akatsiya hull from fire from 12.7-mm DShK machine guns, self-propelled guns were hung with spare tracks and used shell boxes filled with sand. Since 1984, OKSVA began using 2S3 to escort convoys through the Salang Pass. The nature of the terrain predisposed to frequent ambushes by Afghan Mujahideen. Initially, 2S3 self-propelled howitzers were mistaken for tanks, one of the disadvantages of which was the small elevation angles of the gun. However, unlike tanks, Akatsiya self-propelled guns successfully provided artillery support while escorting columns, firing shrapnel shells at enemy forces. In 1985, during an operation against counter-revolutionary forces in the province of Khost, self-propelled guns 2S3 also provided artillery support to OKSVA forces. Near Paktia, self-propelled guns were ambushed, as a result of which at least one 2S3 was destroyed.
Almost at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq War, supplies of self-propelled guns 2S1 and 2S3 began to Iraq from the USSR, which formed the basis of Iraqi artillery groups. In 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, 2S3 self-propelled guns were used by Iraqi troops. In general, Iraq's experience of using artillery was assessed as negative, which in turn contributed to the emergence of the myth that Soviet artillery was ineffective. However, when assessing the actions of the Iraqi artillery, the facts were not taken into account that the command and control system and the equipment of the artillery groups of the Iraqi forces did not meet Soviet standards of that time.
"Acacias" were used in June 1992 during the Transnistrian conflict, no details of use are available. One self-propelled howitzer 2S3 was used by Georgian artillery units during the war in Abkhazia; after 80-100 shots the gun failed. The 2S3 self-propelled gun was also used by Russian forces during the first and second Chechen conflicts. In August 2008, 2S3 self-propelled artillery units were used by Russian forces. One of the episodes of use was an artillery duel between Russian and Georgian artillery groups in the village of Shanghai. During the duel, the commander of one of the 2S3 self-propelled guns of the 693rd motorized rifle regiment died from a shrapnel wound; the reason for the loss was the choice of a convenient but clearly visible firing position from the Georgian side.
In 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, 2S3 self-propelled guns were used by government forces. During the civil war in Syria, Acacia self-propelled howitzers were used by units of the Syrian Arab Army, including when used in direct fire to have a negative psychological effect on enemy units. In 2014, during the Armed Conflict in eastern Ukraine, 2S3s were used by Ukrainian troops. In August 2014, the losses of 2S3 self-propelled guns by Ukrainian troops exceeded the losses of self-propelled howitzers of this type in other armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Several Akatsiya batteries were disabled by the VSN forces, part of the self-propelled guns were destroyed by Ukrainian troops, while at least one 2S3 artillery battalion was captured by the VSN troops. Among the reasons for the extremely unsuccessful use of the Akatsiya self-propelled guns during the Armed Conflict in eastern Ukraine are the low level of crew training and the unsatisfactory condition of self-propelled howitzers.
Machine evaluation
Comparative table of performance characteristics of 2S3 with artillery systems of the previous and next generation
Su-152G | 2S3 (2S3M) | 2S19 | |
Year of adoption | 1949 | 1971 (1975) | 1989 |
Combat weight, t | 23,8 | 27,5 | 42,0 |
Crew, people | 5 | 4 | 5 |
Implement installation type | open | closed | closed |
Gun brand | D-50/D-1 | 2A33 | 2A64 |
Barrel length, club. | 23 | 28 | 47 |
Angles VN, degrees | -5...+40 | -4...+60 | -4...+68 |
Angles GN, degrees | 143 | 360 | 360 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 42 | 40 (46) | 50 |
Maximum firing range of OFS, km | 13,7 | 17,4 | 24,7 |
Maximum firing range of AR OFS, km | - | 20,5 | 29 |
Maximum firing range of UAS, km | - | 20 | 25 |
Weight of OFS, kg | 40,00 | 43,56 | 43,56 |
3-4 | 1,9-3,5 | 7-8 | |
- | 7,62 | 12,7 | |
Maximum speed on the highway, km/h | 65 | 60 | 60 |
Cruising range on the highway, km | 290 | 500 | 500 |
Comparative table of performance characteristics of 2S3 with foreign analogues
USSR 2S3 | USA M109A1 | Japan Type 75 | China Type 83 | USSR 2S3M1 | USA M109A6 | |
Start of mass production | 1971 | 1973 | 1975 | 1984 | 1987 | 1991 |
Combat weight, t | 27,5 | 24,07 | 25,3 | 30 | 27,5 | 28,9 |
Crew, people | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
Gun caliber, mm | 152,4 | 155 | 155 | 152,4 | 152,4 | 155 |
Barrel length, club | 28 | 39 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 39 |
Angles VN, degrees | -4...+60 | -3...+75 | -5...+65 | -4...+65 | -4...+60 | -3...+75 |
Angles GN, degrees | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 |
Carryable ammunition, rds. | 40 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 46 | 39 |
Maximum firing range of OFS, km | 17,4 | 18,1 | 15 | 17,23 | 17,4 | 22 |
Maximum firing range of AR OFS, km | 20,5 | 23,5 | 19 | 21,88 | 20,5 | 30 |
Maximum firing range of UAS, km | 20 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 30 | |
Weight of OFS, kg | 43,56 | 43,88 | 43,88 | 43,56 | 43,56 | 43,88 |
Combat rate of fire, rds/min | 1,9-3,5 | 1-4 | until 6 | up to 4 | 1,9-3,5 | 1-4 |
Anti-aircraft machine gun caliber, mm | 7,62 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 7,62 | 12,7 |
Maximum speed on the highway, km/h | 60 | 61 | 47 | 55 | 60 | 61 |
Cruising range on the highway, km | 500 | 299 | 300 | 450 | 500 | 299 |
Operators
Modern
Russia:
-Russian Ground Forces - 1800 units, of which 1000 are in storage, as of 2013
-Russian Marine Corps - 18 units. as of 2013
-Azerbaijan - 6 units. as of 2013, an additional 16 2S3 units were delivered from Ukraine between 2009 and 2010
-Algeria - 30 units. as of 2013, a total of 40 units were delivered.
-Armenia - 28 units. as of 2013
-Belarus - 108 units. as of 2013, a total of 166 units were delivered.
-Vietnam - 30 units. as of 2013
-Democratic Republic of the Congo - 10 units. as of 2013
-Georgia - 13 units. as of 2013; according to Gazeta. Ru", 8 units 2S3M as of 2008
-Kazakhstan - 120 units. as of 2013
-Cuba - 40 units 2S1 and 2S3 as of 2013
-Slovakia - 4 units. delivered between 1993 and 2010, destination unknown
-Syria - 50 units. as of 2013
-USA- 19 units delivered between 1993 and 2010, the exact purpose of the supplies is unknown, officially supplied for training; perhaps for the purpose of studying design solutions
-Turkmenistan - 16 units. as of 2013
-Uzbekistan - 17 units. as of 2013
-Ukraine - 463 units. as of 2013, a total of 501 units delivered
-Czech Republic - 13 units. supplied from Hungary between 1993 and 2010, destination unknown
-South Ossetia - 42 units. as of 2008
-South Sudan - 12 units. as of 2013
Former
USSR - passed to the states formed after the collapse
-Bulgaria - 4 units. delivered from the USSR in 1989, sold to Angola in 1999
-Hungary - 18 units. delivered from the USSR in 1981
-GDR - 95 units. delivered from the USSR in the period from 1979 to 1985, transferred to Germany. 9 units were sold to the USA, the rest may be in storage or subjected to demilitarization.
-Iraq - 150 units. delivered from the USSR in the period from 1980 to 1989, since 2006 withdrawn from service
Characteristics
Classification: self-propelled howitzer
-Combat weight, t: 27.5
-Layout diagram: front-engine
-Crew, people: 4
Dimensions:
-Case length, mm: 6970
-Length with gun forward, mm: 7765
-Case width, mm: 3250
-Height, mm: 3050
-Base, mm: 4622
-Gauge, mm: 2720
-Clearance, mm: 450
Reservations:
-Armor type: bulletproof
-Forehead of the body, mm/deg.: 30
-Hull side, mm/deg.: 15
-Tower forehead, mm/deg.: 30
-Tower side, mm/deg.: 15
Weapons:
-Caliber and brand of gun: 152 mm 2A33
-Gun type: rifled howitzer
-Barrel length, calibers: 28
-Cannon ammunition: 46
-VN angles, degrees: -4...+60 degrees
-GN angles, degrees: 360 degrees
-Firing range, km: up to 20.5
-Sights: PG-4, OP5-38, TKN-3A
-Machine guns: 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
Mobility:
-Engine: Manufacturer: ChTZ. Brand: V-59U. Type: diesel. Volume: 38,880 cc. Maximum power: 520 hp at 2000 rpm. Maximum torque: 2059 Nm, at 1200-1400 rpm. Configuration: V12. Cylinders: 12. Fuel consumption in the combined cycle: 180-220 l/100 km. Fuel consumption on the highway: 165 l/100 km. Cylinder diameter: 150 mm. Piston stroke: 180 mm. Cooling: liquid. Stroke (number of strokes): 4. Recommended fuel: multi-fuel.
-Highway speed, km/h: 60
-Speed over rough terrain, km/h: 25-30
-Highway range, km: 500
-Fuel tank capacity, l: 830
-Specific power, l. s./t: 19
-Suspension type: individual, torsion bar
-Specific pressure on the ground, kg/sq.cm: 0.6
- Climbability, degrees: 30 degrees
-Overcome wall, m: 0.7
-Ditch to be overcome, m: 3
-Fordability, m: 1
Self-propelled gun 2S3 "Acacia"
152-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S3 "Akatsiya"
The development of the 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled gun was started according to Decree No. 609-201 of July 4, 1967. The design and manufacture of prototypes of the artillery unit was carried out by OKB-9 (Uralmash), and the chassis was carried out by UZTM (Sverdlovsk).
The artillery part of the self-propelled guns was developed on the basis of the 152 mm towed gun-howitzer D-20. The internal structure of the barrel, ballistics and ammunition were taken from the D-20 without changes. The new howitzer received the factory index D-22 and the index GRAU 2A33.
The barrel of the D-22 howitzer consisted of a monoblock pipe, a two-chamber muzzle brake, an ejector, a clutch and a breech.
Vertical wedge shutter with semi-automatic mechanical (copier) type.
The recoil brake is hydraulic spindle type, the knurl is pneumatic. The cylinders of the recoil devices are rigidly connected to the barrel and, when fired, roll back with it. The normal rollback length is 510-710 mm, the maximum is 740 mm.
Scheme of self-propelled gun 2S3
Howitzer D-22 mounted on self-propelled gun 2S3
The howitzer's lifting mechanism has one sector and the mechanism is driven manually. The balancing mechanism is pneumatic push type. The howitzer is installed in the turret embrasure using embedded pins.
The chassis was developed on the basis of the Krug air defense missile system launcher (ob. 123), the new chassis received the index “ob. 303”. In the self-propelled guns, the control compartment and engine-transmission compartment are located in the front part of the hull, and the fighting compartment is located in the rear part of the hull, as well as in the turret.
The hull and turret are welded from rolled armor plates, which protect against a B-32 bullet from a distance of 300 mm. There is a sealing system for habitable compartments and a filter and ventilation unit.
Engine: 12-cylinder four-stroke diesel B-59. The transmission is mechanical two-flow. The gearbox is located in the same block with the planetary rotation mechanism. The suspension is individual, torsion bar with hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers. Caterpillar with rubber-metal joint, track width 484 mm.
The ammunition initially consisted of 40 rounds, located in two ammunition racks (in the turret and in the hull).
The first two prototypes of the 2S3 were manufactured at the end of 1968. Their factory tests were completed on October 15, 1969.
A large amount of gas was detected in the fighting compartment, especially when firing with small charges. For the same reason, four more 2S3 samples, manufactured in the summer of 1969 for field testing, were not accepted.
In the end, the problem of gas contamination was dealt with, and in 1971, the 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled gun was put into service.
Serial production of the 2S3 began in 1970. The main manufacturing company is UZTM. The first three serial self-propelled guns were manufactured in December 1970. In 1971 - 9 more self-propelled guns, 6 of them in December. For 1973, a plan was given for 70 self-propelled guns. The cost of 2S3 in 1973 was 305 thousand rubles.
In 1975, instead of two mechanized ammunition racks, one was introduced - a drum type with 12 shots. This made it possible to increase the transportable ammunition from 40 to 46 rounds. The modernized self-propelled gun received the index 2S3M, and the howitzer - 2A33.
In 1987, the gun index changed again - 2С3М1. The number 1 means that the self-propelled gun is equipped with equipment for receiving and reflecting command information and a new sight.
The Akatsiya self-propelled gun is air transportable, and the An-22 aircraft can transport two units at once.
Howitzer fire modes:
Rate of fire without re-packing charges: direct fire from the turret stowage, rds/min. 3.5 direct fire from the hull, rds/min. 2.6
When firing from closed positions and firing shots from the ground, rds/min. 3.4
Average rate of fire at full consumption of carried ammunition, rds/min. 1.9
Thermal limits: 30 shots in 10 minutes. 75 shots in 60 min.
Maximum maximum range (from direct fire trailers OP5-38), m 4000
In 1970, the development of a special ZBVZ shot with a firing range of 17.4 km began for the Akatsiya self-propelled gun.
In addition, the Akatsiya could fire guided 152-mm Krasnopol (OF-38) projectiles and special ammunition.
Detailed ballistic data for other projectiles are not given, since they are close to the OF-540. Thus, the OF25 projectile has an initial speed of 655 m/s and a maximum range of 17410 m. Howitzer projectiles are somewhat more different. Thus, the OF-530 has an initial speed of 670 m/s and a range of 15920 m.
To combat tanks, the 2S3 ammunition includes the BP-540 cumulative projectile. They are fired with a special Zh6 charge weighing 5.6 kg, the initial velocity of the projectile is 676 m/s, the target range is 3000 m. Normally, the projectile penetrates armor 250 mm thick, at an angle of 60° - 220 mm, at an angle of 30° - 120 mm. The armor penetration of a cumulative projectile does not depend on the firing range. In addition, the self-propelled gun can fire both the Br-540B projectile (blunt-headed with a ballistic tip) and the Br-540 (sharp-headed) projectile, which is not included in the standard ammunition. At a distance of 1000 m, the Br-540B penetrates 120 mm armor normally, and 100 mm at an angle of 60°; respectively, B-540 - 115 mm and 95 mm armor.
Projectile type | Projectile index | Projectile weight, kg | Explosive weight, kg | Fuse type |
High explosive | OF-540 0F-540Zh* OF-5EO OF25 | 43,56 43,56 40,0 43,56 | 5,86 5,86 6,86 6,88 | RGM, V-90 RGM, V-90 RGM, V-90, RG-6 RGM-2, V-90, AR-5 |
Concrete | G-545 G-530 | 56,0 40,0 | 4,2 5,1 | KDT, DBT, KTD |
Cumulative | BP-540 | 27,4 | GPV-3, GKV | |
Lighting** | C1 | 40,2 | T-7 | |
Chemical | 3X3 | substance R-35 | RGM-2 |
* “Zh” means an iron-ceramic belt; a projectile with it flies 0.5% further than an OF-540 with a copper belt.
** Lighting parachute projectile with iron-ceramic belt, glow time 40 seconds.
Firing table for the OF-540 projectile
Charge number | Full | №1 | №2 | №3 | №4 | №5 | №6 |
Charge weight, kg | 8,3 | 7,6 | 4,4 | 3,0 | 2,41 | 1,85 | 1,3 |
Initial speed, m/s | 651 | 603 | 509 | 425 | 385 | 335 | 282 |
Range, m | 17053 | 15900 | 13300 | 11100 | 10000 | 8740 | 6751 |
The standard 2S3M ammunition usually includes 42 OF-540 and OF-540Zh high-explosive fragmentation projectiles, and four BP-540 cumulative projectiles.
Currently, the howitzer can fire almost all 152-mm shells from both the MJ1-20 howitzer-gun and the D-20 howitzer-cannon (their shell indices contain the number 540), and shells from the 152-mm D-1 howitzer (in The index of its shells is 530).
Howitzers with cap loading for self-propelled guns "Gvozdika" and "Akatsiya"
Due to the heavy contamination of the combat compartments of the closed self-propelled guns “Gvozdika” and “Akatsiya”, on December 11, 1967, the Ministry of Defense issued a decree to begin work on the creation of howitzers with cap-loading. OKB-9 designed the 122 mm D-16 howitzer and the 152 mm D-11 howitzer for the Gvozdika and Akatsiya self-propelled guns based on the standard D-32 and D-22 howitzers. The new howitzers are loaded with a cap, and the bolts are semi-automatic piston with a plate seal.
Prototypes of both howitzers were made and field tests were carried out.
The firing range, accuracy and intensity of the shots were the same as those of the D-32 and D-22. The rate of fire of the D-11 is the same as that of the D-22 due to the design flaws of the experimental model of the pneumatic rammer and the inconvenience of working with a pencil case , where the caps are stored.
Based on the test results, the 122-mm howitzer D-16 was modified; the pneumatic rammer was replaced by an electromechanical one. At the same time, the volume of the charging chamber in both howitzers was slightly increased in order to accommodate a larger charge and use new projectiles with an improved aerodynamic shape. New versions of the howitzer received the indices D-16M and D-11M.
Thus, the firing range of the 152-mm howitzer D-11M was 19.3 km instead of 17.6 for the D-22.
The D-16M howitzer was 60% unified with the D-32:
Howitzers D-32 D-16M
Projectile weight, kg
Charge weight, kg
Initial speed, m/s
Channel pressure, kg/cm²
Firing range, km
Rate of fire, rds/min.
Angle BH, deg.
– 4°; +70° -4°; +70°
Weight of the swinging part, kg
In March 1972, the Ministry of Defense decided to stop work on the D-16M and D-11 cap-loading howitzers, since they “do not have significant combat advantages over the D-32 and D-22.” The results of testing the piston bolt were recommended to be used in the design of the 152-mm Giatsint-K cannon, and tests of projectiles with an improved aerodynamic shape (compared to the OF-462) should be carried out in the future on the 122-mm towed howitzer D-30.