1 when the iii communist international was created. Communist Internationals
Despite the dense development, Moscow still has vast areas that are practically unused. The so-called industrial zones occupy thousands of hectares. Most of them ceased production many years ago and became chaotic warehouses and landfills. Now these territories will be used for the benefit of citizens and economic development.
Industrial zones occupy about 18.8 thousand hectares, which is more 17% territory of “old” Moscow. When it comes to renovating its “rust belt,” the capital has taken two paths: the city authorities not only plan to use industrial sites for urban development, but are also ready to change the functionality of some enterprises, focusing them on innovative environmentally friendly production or placing scientific facilities on their territory.
INDUSTRIAL ZONE "ZIL"
By expanding production to full capacity, Moscow is creating new jobs near housing on the periphery of the city. This will allow removing part of the traffic flow that rushes into the center of the capital in the morning on weekdays, and out of it in the evening. Today, 40% of Moscow’s jobs are concentrated in the Central District of the city, despite the fact that only 8% of the population lives there.
The reorganization of industrial zones also makes it possible to provide citizens with additional living space, social and cultural facilities, roads and parking lots. All this can be created on former industrial areas.
It is proposed to reorganize almost 13 thousand hectares of land, with 4.7 thousand hectares subject to complete reorganization, and 7.8 thousand hectares - partial. The renewal of these urban areas is based on the formation of an integrated urban development with housing, social facilities and new jobs.
As for the position of the capital's authorities on the redevelopment of industrial zones, the building density should not exceed 25 thousand square meters. m per hectare, while half of the future real estate volume should account for residential development, and half - for jobs.
The task of the Moscow government is not to move all industrial zones outside the city limits, but to carefully consider the activities of industrial enterprises and, if necessary, promote the development of innovative production.
Some industrial zones tend to change functions from industrial to administrative and public with elements of residential development. However, the industrial function of a number of zones, for example, Biryulyovo, Chertanovo, Kaloshino, Korovino, Vagonoremont and others, on the contrary, will be intensified, since new production facilities are expected to be located here.
What has already been done?
In 2011-2016, 61 territory planning projects (TPP) were approved with a total area of about 3.4 thousand hectares with a construction potential of more than 31 million square meters. m. Of the approved projects, 17 are already being implemented, another 40 are in development.
Of the most significant areas of industrial zones that are in the active stage of implementation, we can highlight: the plant named after. Likhachev (“ZIL”), the territory of the former Tushinsky airfield, OJSC Moscow Metallurgical Plant “Sickle and Molot”, OJSC DSK No. 3 (Borovskoe Highway, vl. 2), JSC NPO Vzlet (Proizvodstvennaya St., vl. 6), the territory of the former Moscow Mirror Factory (in Lazorevy Proezd, near the Botanical Garden metro station), Mosstroysnab OJSC (Donetskaya St., 30).
In 2017, areas of industrial zones are expected to be developed
- No. 51a “Ostashkovskoye Highway” (Taininskaya St., building 9; investor - ZAO LS-Realty);
- No. 15 “Alekseevskie streets” (Novoalekseevskaya st., building 16; investor - Etalon Group of Companies);
- No. 49 “Beskudnikovo” (Ilimskaya St., building 3; investor - Everest JSC);
- No. 41 “Oktyabrskoe Pole” (Berzarina St., building 28-32; investor - RG Development LLC);
- No. 51 “Medvedkovo” (Polyarnaya st., building 25, investor - PJSC “PIK Group of Companies”);
- No. 21 “Brick Streets” (Volnaya St., building 28, investor - RG-Development LLC);
- No. 40a "Western Port" (the area between Kutuzovsky Prospect, 1812 Goda Street and Kulneva and Kutuzovsky Prospect; investor - JSC "First Moscow Instrument-Making Plant named after V. Kazakov").
Which industrial areas will be reconstructed?
Industrial areas that will be included in the reconstruction program will meet the following requirements:
- Proximity to the MCC and radial lines of Moscow railways.
The launch of passenger traffic along the MCC significantly relieved congestion in the metro, street
road network and will soon become a catalyst for the development of those adjacent to the new ring
territories, mostly representing abandoned industrial areas. This
will ensure their harmonious economic and social development in
in accordance with the goals and objectives of comprehensive economic and social development cities. - Proximity to promising transport hubs (TPU) at metro stations, MCC and radial railway lines.
- Proximity to the Moscow River.
By 2035, the Moscow River will become the linear center of the city. Renovation concept
coastal areas covers a huge area (almost 11 thousand hectares) and takes into account trends
recent years to more actively include these territories in the structure of the city.
The main reorganization zones are Rublevo-Arkhangelskoye, Tushino, Nizhnie Mnevniki, Bolshoi City, ZIL, Simonovskaya embankment, River Park (former ship repair plant).
Specific activities include:
- formation of new areas;
- organization of additional pedestrian spaces on transport embankments;
- creation of landscaped pedestrian embankments and improvement of natural embankments in natural banks;
- improvement of embankments in areas of complex reorganization of the territory;
- development of the internal water transport, including the creation of new
- tourist routes and organization of passenger transportation (from Dolgoprudny and Rublevo-Arkhangelskoye to City, from Lytkarino to Taganskaya, from Spartak metro station to Alma-Atinskaya metro station);
- construction of bicycle paths;
- creation of new berths.
Thus, instead of abandoned and practically non-functioning industrial areas, new points of development will emerge and a comfortable urban environment will be created.
Former industrial zones today are perhaps the only sources of land for new construction in Moscow. However, plans for their development, for the most part, remain vague. The editors of the portal site have processed the available information about what they are going to develop on the site of some industrial zones.
Industrial zones occupy about 18.8 thousand hectares in Moscow - more than 17% of the city's territory (if we take it within the old boundaries). These are 83 production and utility zones with an area of up to 100 hectares. Operating production is a little more than half of the territory. The capital's authorities plan to reorganize 6-8 thousand hectares. Particular emphasis is placed on the territory near the Moscow River. Last summer, an open architectural competition was announced for the development of coastal areas (about 3.5 thousand hectares were submitted for creative development).
Renovation of industrial zones may take a long time. After all, only 20% of the territories are vacant and ready for development. Some industrial zones are owned by several owners, and it is difficult for them to agree among themselves on integrated development.
Among other things, developers face many problems: the need to deep clean the soil, get rid of waste, demolish industrial buildings, resettle old residential buildings, and buy out properties from the owners. .
According to analysts at Clever Estate, the requirements of environmental standards during the reorganization of Moscow industrial zones are violated in more than 80% of cases. By the way, the removal and disposal of old soil is a very expensive and labor-intensive process (550 rubles per sq.m.), and the import of new soil is even more expensive (17 thousand rubles per sq.m.).
Industrial zones in Moscow where they plan to build housing
Today, 54% of offers on the primary market, primarily in economy class, are projects implemented in Moscow industrial zones. Further - more.
Industrial zone No. 71 Solntsevo
The industrial zone is located at the intersection of Volynskaya and Aviatorov streets in the Western District of the capital and consists of two parts, “Solntsevo” No. 71 and “Solntsevo” No. 71 A. Several hazardous industries are located here, including an asphalt plant, OJSC “Elgad-Polymer”, NPO “ Takeoff" and Plant No. 5 Mosinzhbeton, as well as the Peredelkino Thermal Power Plant. In the future, it is planned to build residential buildings, medical and health institutions, an indoor gym and a fitness center.
Industrial zone No. 56 Grayvoronovo
This industrial zone on Ryazansky Prospekt has huge area- 400 hectares. It houses mainly mechanical engineering enterprises, the most harmful of which was the Karacharovsky plant, “famous” for emissions of ammonia, manganese compounds, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, inorganic dust, carbon oxides and nitrogen dioxides. Among the “dubious” enterprises: PA “Machine-building plant “Molniya”, reinforced concrete plant, Lighting Plant “Saturn”, OJSC “Mospishestroy”. In 2013, the Moscow Urban Planning and Land Commission (GZK) approved the approval of the draft layout of part of the territory of the N56 “Grayvoronovo” industrial zone, limited by Ryazansky Avenue and the designed passages N1794 and 2021.
The fat plant will be relocated to the Moscow region. 96.2 thousand square meters will also be demolished. m out of 198.8 thousand square meters belonging to the Karacharovsky Mechanical Plant.
There will be a landscaped microdistrict for integrated development, designed for 14.5 thousand people, with a ground area of 109.5 thousand square meters. m., with underground parking for 1688 cars. The investor undertakes to build a kindergarten with an area of 6.7 thousand square meters. m. and a school with an area of 17 thousand square meters. m. Trade and consumer services facilities will appear, and more than 5 thousand jobs will be created. A multifunctional shopping and hotel center with an area of 85.8 thousand square meters will appear next to Graivoronovo. m.
Industrial zone No. 55 Perovo
The territory between Perovskaya, Polymernaya and Martenovskaya streets in the Novogireevo district has an area of 13 hectares. This is where the Kuskovo chemical plant was located. Part of the territory will be left as an industrial zone. The production of sewing and knitwear products, molding and innovative heat exchange equipment will be located here.
And on the site of the abandoned Kuskovo chemical plant, after land reclamation, the Bolshoye Kuskovo residential microdistrict with an area of 188.7 thousand square meters is being built. with social infrastructure.
9 residential buildings with a total area of about 176 thousand square meters have already been built. m. and a kindergarten for 220 children. Construction of a school for 550 students is underway. and TBC offices and attached garages with a total area of about 53.5 thousand square meters. m. They also plan to build an administrative and business complex with an area of 20 thousand square meters. m. with a two-level underground parking for 300 cars.
They plan to develop production in this area. It will be used in the construction of the Fourth Transport Ring, as well as extending the 2nd Irtyshsky Passage and creating a backup for the Shchelkovsky Highway. After the reorganization, the building area will increase by 2.5 times, and the number of jobs will increase by 4. And we would not have written about this in this section if construction had not been planned on Tagilskaya Street, in the Metrogorodok area, on a plot of 13 hectares residential complex 388 thousand sq. m, as well as a school and kindergarten.
Industrial zone No. 46 “Korovino”
It is located in the area of Bazovskaya and Vesennyaya streets and has already undergone partial reorganization. Previously, it was an empty lot, mostly occupied by warehouses, railway containers and landfills. Now an economy class panel residential complex has been built on the territory. It has 12 residential buildings of variable number of floors (17, 18 and 24 floors) with more than 2.5 thousand apartments, designed for 8 thousand people. On the ground floors there are commercial facilities: shops, cafes, pharmacies, beauty salons. The forest park area has been landscaped with walking paths and landscape lighting, decorative elements and architectural forms, a sports ground and a dog walking area.
Not far from the microdistrict, the Khovrino and Seligerskaya metro stations will open in the summer and autumn of 2015, respectively.
Industrial zone No. 44 “Bratsevo”
One of the most beautiful completed renovation projects is located here - the Vodny mixed-use complex. In 2001, as Deputy General Director of MR Group Irina Dzyuba said, there were unprofitable warehouse and administrative premises here. The company received ownership of the territory. Before construction, coordination was carried out with residents of the area. Now, within the framework of the multifunctional complex, a shopping center has opened with a six-level underground parking and a attendance of 11-12 thousand people.
A 25-storey office center with an area of 50 thousand sq.m. will soon accept tenants. (It is declared that it will provide about 14 thousand jobs for some reason specifically for residents of the Golovinsky district, although office employees rarely choose work based on proximity to home).
The Vodny apartment complex is being built with 1,490 apartments ranging from 42 to 97 square meters. m and parking for 1075 cars. Some apartments offer panoramic views of the Khimki Reservoir and Golovinsky Ponds. The renovation required solving transport problems: Golovinskoe Highway and Kronstadt Boulevard were expanded twice.
Industrial zone No. 49 “Beskudnikovo”
Located within the boundaries of the Moscow Ring Road, Altufevskoye Highway, Vysokovoltny and Polyarny passages and Korneychuk, Pleshcheev and Bibirevskaya streets. Its main territory is occupied by the Beskudnikovo substation and the overhead transmission line technical zone, public and industrial facilities with an area of about 676 thousand square meters. m.
Now a new residential microdistrict with a total area of more than 570 thousand square meters is growing here. m. It is planned to build four schools, five kindergartens, two hospitals, two sports and recreation complexes, as well as a parking lot for 20.2 thousand cars. The first stage includes more than 120 thousand square meters. m. of housing.
Industrial zone No. 36 “Red Builder”
Located in South Chertanovo. It is planned to build housing and a “Motherhood and Childhood” center here.
Residential buildings will occupy less than 12 hectares, and public facilities will occupy 31.96 hectares. The total area of production areas will be reduced by more than 2 times - from 94.2 to 39.5 hectares.
There are significant transport problems to be solved - there are plans to build a backup Warsaw highway with junctions. It is also planned to build an interchange at the intersection of Brick Vyemki Street and Kursk direction Moscow Railway, as well as the expansion of Dorozhnaya Street from Podolskiye Kursantov Street to the Moscow Ring Road and passage No. 4648.
Industrial zone No. 33 “Upper boilers”
Official address: Electrolyte passage, possession 3. This place is not the best from an environmental point of view. Here are located the Nizhniye Kotly thermal power plant, an experimental plant for refractory metals and an electromechanical plant Emoz, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Krasnaya Zvezda (manufacturer of space nuclear installations), etc. At the same time, some of the enterprises are the Kotelnichesky Brick Plant, the Copper Foil PPK and The Verkhnie Kotly trolleybus depot has already been removed from the territory. The Vershinino microdistrict is under construction (developed by VedisGroup). The construction of a multifunctional public and business center with an area of 21 thousand square meters was approved. m.
Industrial zone No. 28 “Lenino”
This industrial zone is located in the Biryulyovo Vostochny district. The existing enterprises - the Biryulevsky meat processing plant, the concrete products plant and Mosstroykonstruktsiya (production of cement and mortars) have already practically closed down their activities.
Renovation of the industrial zone has already begun. The redevelopment and modernization project was presented by the Institute of Urban Planning. A new residential complex “Tsaritsyno” was built on the territory of a former flour mill. Now its second stage is being built - 13 residential buildings. The process of soil remediation and rehabilitation of the territory has begun. Apartments in the complex will be cheap - from 4.41 million rubles.
In addition to the housing stock, they plan to create 4 recreational natural complex and infrastructure of the future district - a school for 825 and a kindergarten for 320 places, an administrative building, a sports and recreation center, a center additional education, a cultural center, a temple, two shopping and entertainment centers and a multi-level parking for 1,500 cars.
Industrial zone No. 27 ZIL
The ZiL industrial zone occupies about 400 hectares. AMO ZIL included foundry, thermal, galvanic, and painting production. The contamination zone has a radius of about 2.5 km. However, residential areas are planned here. The territory will be divided into 9 parts, where residential microdistricts will be located (1.5 million square meters, designed for approximately 38 thousand people). Planned 2 million sq. m of business and commercial real estate, Ice Palace "Arena of Legends", medical cluster, 2 schools and 2 kindergartens. They also plan to house the Hockey Museum and the country's first synchronized swimming center. To renovate the area within a radius of 300 m from the workshops, it is necessary to remove soil to a depth of 2 m.
Some production facilities are drying up. According to the urban development plan, the industrial zone and housing will be located at different ends of the territory, and the buffer between them will be a complex of business centers and warehouses. It is expected that the total renovation period will be 10-15 years.
Industrial zone No. 26 South Port
For a long time, the AZLK plant was actively operating here, but in 1998 the production of Moskviches was discontinued, and by 2006 the plant was bankrupt. Some of the premises are occupied by Renault assembly production, but most of them are in disrepair. Also located here is a reinforced concrete products plant and, in fact, the “Southern Port” itself, where oil product leaks occur from time to time.
The project for the development of the industrial zone was presented by the Moscow government earlier this year. On the territory of the former AZLK with an area of 900 hectares, up to 7.5 million square meters will be built. m. of economy class housing. According to preliminary estimates, up to 60 thousand people will live here and up to 80 thousand people will work here. Housing will be built on the coastal area, and the part remote from the river is intended for production sites - a continuation of the Moscow technopolis, which they hope to launch by 2015-2016. At the intersection of Volgogradsky Prospekt and Shosseynaya there will be apartment buildings and an economy-class hotel for employees and guests of the technopolis. The volume of investment in the project is estimated at more than 9 billion euros. Officials are counting on funds from private investors.
When reorganizing the zone, a number of problems arise - 240 objects of the Southern Port are owned by organizations and individuals. In addition, it is necessary to replace the old soil with new one, increase the area of green areas from 5.7 to 7.8 hectares, and create a park with an area of about 1 hectare outside the boundaries of the industrial zone.
In the future, the zone will gain good transport accessibility - plans include the construction of the South Port station between Kozhukhovskaya and Pechatniki, the launch of a new tram line and cable car from Chertanovskaya via the Paveletskaya railway, Kashirskoe highway, Kashirskaya station, Kolomenskaya”, and the Moscow River to “Textilshchikov”. The project has 3 stages: initial (2014-2020), development (2020-2030) and agglomeration (2030-2040).
Industrial zone No. 23 “Hammer and Sickle”
The plot of 87 hectares is located quite close to the center of Moscow. From the west it is Zolotorozhsky Val Street, from the south - Entuziastov Highway, from the east - the passage of the Serp and Molot Plant. This territory is still closed, but production has already been greatly reduced and the equipment has been dismantled. They plan to redevelop 58 hectares, which will include 857.15 thousand square meters. m of housing designed for 19 thousand people, a school, kindergarten, clinic, offices totaling more than 1.8 million sq. m. m of real estate.
The industrial zone initially has favorable transport accessibility: the Ploshchad Ilyich and Aviamotornaya metro stations and the Serp and Molot platform in the Gorky direction are nearby.
Industrial zone No. 22 “Falcon Mountain”
Most of the enterprises in this industrial zone are functioning. Therefore, only the northern part with an area of 9.8 hectares between Entuziastov Highway and Garazhnaya Street is going to be reorganized. The desolate workshops of Automotive Plant No. 2, as well as a number of other production premises, will be demolished here. Some buildings will undergo reconstruction.
New housing with social infrastructure will appear here (the total area of the facilities is 88 thousand sq. m.) It is planned to build a transport hub, a kindergarten for 170 places and a block primary classes for 340 students, shopping center, temple. In the future, about 2,600 people can live here. There will also be new administrative buildings and offices, including the archive building of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “FNP Rosreestr” with an area of 37.4 thousand square meters. m.
They plan to solve the traffic situation by reconstructing 3rd Street Sokolinaya Gora. On the adjacent territory they plan to build a section of the North-Eastern Expressway from Entuziastov Highway to Izmailovskoye Highway. The reconstruction of Entuziastov Highway and Budyonny Avenue will also be carried out.
In addition to the Shosse Entuziastov metro station, located 400 m from the industrial zone, an above-ground station will be built on the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway with a transport hub and light rail tracks, which will combine metro and rail traffic. A boulevard has also been designed above the valley of the Nishchenka River that is being developed.
Industrial zone No. 16 “Nagatinsky backwater”
“River Park” is already being built here - a new microdistrict for 6 thousand residents.
Total area the complex together with infrastructure will amount to 280 thousand square meters. m, and the total area of the territory is 29 hectares. Currently, a 14-hectare site is being developed, where 22 residential buildings with a height of 9, 15 and 17 floors are being built. This first part of the project will be completed by 2017. 135 thousand sq.m. will be built here. residential real estate. Construction on the second site, at some distance from the first (currently these territories are separated by the buildings of the Shipyard), will be carried out from 2016 to 2020. The multifunctional development includes a kindergarten for 220 places and a school for 550, an education center for 570 places, and a sports and recreation center with a swimming pool. As well as business centers, a hotel, a shopping center with an area of 26 thousand square meters, and a parking lot for 1,700 spaces. The first floors of the houses will be used for commercial purposes.
Some enterprises, such as the TOKS production cooperative and the Proletarsky Repair and Construction Trust, will expand.
The shipbuilding plant is being transferred to Rybinsk.
Industrial zone No. 6 “Silicate streets”
128 hectares have been allocated for reorganization. The potential of the zone is determined by its “delicious” location - near the Moscow River, between Marshal Zhukov Avenue and Zvenigorodsky Avenue. It is on the territory of this zone that the Hals-Development company is building the Utesov residential complex; the neighboring plot belongs to persons affiliated with the Don-Stroy company. Perhaps a shopping and entertainment center or another residential complex will be built there.
Industrial zone No. 5 "Main Streets"
This industrial zone in the Khoroshevsky district occupies about 200 hectares. On its territory there are not only enterprises (including the Mezhdunarodnaya thermal power plant, the Main Mechanical Assembly Plant, the Khoroshevsky Concrete Concrete Plant, Cold Storage Plant No. 7), warehouses, but also residential buildings. Plans for the latter changed several times: they were either going to be demolished or began to be reconstructed.
Many transport interchanges of the Third Transport Ring and the transport network supplying Moscow City have already been built here. By 2017, it is planned to open the Khoroshevskaya metro station (next to Khoroshevskoye Shosse, close to 4th Magistralnaya Street) and create a transport hub next to the Moscow Railway station. It is also planned to build shopping centers, underground parking for 2,446 cars, and hotels with 300 rooms. They plan to build office centers and residential areas. The target date for implementation of the project is 2020.
Industrial zone No. 1 "Paveletskaya"
It is located near the Paveletsky railway station, a few kilometers from the Kremlin, and is the most attractive area for developers within the “old” borders of the city. On the territory of the Moscow-Tovarnaya-Paveletskaya cargo yard and the station's track facilities, where it will be possible to build about 1.5 million square meters. m of real estate. At the same time, it is planned to leave the station in operation, enclosing the railway tracks in stone hangars.
Given the prestigious location of the industrial zone, developers will focus on business class housing and build new offices and hotels. Prices here can be quite high.
Municipal production zone of Moskozhkombinat
It is located on Krasnobogatyrskaya Street and occupies 15.8 hectares. The Moscow Urban Planning and Land Commission (GZK) has already approved the redevelopment project, according to which about 53 thousand square meters will be built on the territory. m of housing, research, business, research and production and exhibition centers. The total construction area will be 160 thousand square meters. m. On the future landscaped Yauza embankment, to which the zone adjoins, a kindergarten and a school will be built. They plan to expand Krasnobogatyrskaya Street itself and create two new passages
Industrial zones of Moscow, where office and road construction are planned
Industrial zone No. 69 “Rudnevo” (Kosino-1)
There is still a waste incineration plant operating here, which will not be stopped. The plans of the Department of Urban Development Policy include the creation of a multifunctional innovation and technology center, production complexes, a personnel retraining center and a technology park. A multi-level parking lot for 4,590 cars is planned.
Industrial zone No. 62 “Teply Stan”
The Teply Stan industrial zone is adjacent to the Moscow Ring Road and Profsoyuznaya Street and occupies about 100 hectares. The main polluting enterprise is CHPP No. 42 "Teply Stan", emission of pollutants is 200 tons per year.
According to the approved projects, a technology park and two transport interchanges should be built here: at the intersection of Profsoyuznaya Street with Novoyasenevsky Prospekt and the Moscow Ring Road and an interchange connecting Profsoyuznaya with General Tyulenev Street, as well as several small roads. This entails the construction of garages, parking lots, storage facilities and other industrial buildings. The total area of the facilities should be more than 506 thousand square meters. m. The number of jobs will be increased from the existing 1637 to 5100.
Industrial zone No. 52 “Severyanin”
It is known about the removal of the Oil Refinery Plant from the territory and the organization of the site at the address: st. Yeniseiskaya, possession 1, building 5, 6, 7, 29, 30. Old workshops and warehouses are located here. They plan to build an administrative and production complex with an area of 17 thousand square meters. m. Perhaps the area near Losiny Ostrov Park will be given over to residential development, but this issue has not yet been resolved.
Industrial zone No. 50 “Altufevskoe highway”
They plan to build a data center for an international financial corporation here. Details are not specified.
Industrial zone No. 49 Beskudnikovo
Several new interchanges and a new road network will be built. The goal is to create a travel zone instead of the existing dead end. It is planned to remove high-voltage power lines and garages from the territory.
Industrial zone No. 11 “Ogorodny proezd”
The total area of the territory is about 330 hectares. More than 50% is occupied by existing industrial enterprises, including the Ostankino Brewery, the Ostankino Meat Processing Plant, and the production of Karat processed cheese. Among the harmful ones are the Borets compressor plant, the Stankolit plant, Mostvtorcement and the Olivesta paint and varnish plant.
An area of 100 hectares is being considered for renovation. According to preliminary information, this is not about housing, but about the modernization of industrial facilities in the zone in accordance with environmental standards and the construction of new warehouses in it.
Industrial zones of Moscow, where they will continue to actively develop production
Industrial zone No. 47 “Vagonoremont”
Located in Eastern Degunino. Wimm-Bill-Dann's proposal to build additional objects with an area of 20.6 thousand square meters. to develop the production base of the enterprise. True, nothing is reported about the sources of investment for this construction, which may change their plans in connection with the imposition of sanctions.
Industrial zone No. 35 "Vorontsovo"
The Institute's Computing Complex is planned to be built here. applied mathematics them. M.V. Keldysh RAS with an area of 45 thousand square meters. m. Perhaps there will be new production facilities here - the Cheryomushki bakery plant and one large bus depot have expressed interest in this. With the development of the territory, from 5 to 7 thousand jobs can be created.
Industrial zone "Planernaya"
By the way, industrial zones are not only removed, but also created. For example, as part of the “Industrial City Moscow” project, it is planned to create a new industrial zone “Planernaya” on an area of 100 hectares. A pharmaceutical factory, scientific institutions and a thermal power plant will be located here. The location of the industrial zone is in the area of Luzhskaya Street and the Planernaya platform (in the Leningradka area, after the exit to the International Highway). The project began to be developed in 2006, but so far no steps have been taken for implementation.
PZ industrial zone industrial zone PZ Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: LLC Publishing House AST, CJSC Publishing house Geleos”, 2003. 318 p… Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
industrial zone- promz she, s... Russian spelling dictionary
industrial zone- prisons. industrial zone of the colony. The territory of the colony is divided into separate sections of the zone: a residential zone, an industrial zone (production facilities are located here). Between these zones there is a fence, rows of barbed wire, and a corridor between them... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
industrial zone- industrial zone/on, s... Together. Separately. Hyphenated.
Y; and. Razg. Industrial zone. P. in the city center. Landfill in an industrial area... Encyclopedic Dictionary
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Industrial Zone Years The Industrial Zone group was formed at the end of 2001 in the city of Krasnodar. The name of the group was the place where the band members loved to hang out (Industrial Zone). During its existence, the Industrial Zone managed to perform with such... ... Wikipedia
Exchange- Industrial zone in the colony... Dictionary of the criminal and semi-criminal world
Books
- Industrial zone (audiobook MP3 on 2 CDs), Yulia Latynina. There is no state here - there are personal relationships. There is no business here - there is war. Here friends are entitled to everything, and enemies are entitled to the law. Here, court decisions are circulated on the market, as securities ah...audiobook
- Industrial zone, Yulia Latynina. There is no state here - there are personal relationships. There is no business here - there is war. Here friends are entitled to everything, and enemies are entitled to the law. Here, court decisions are traded on the market like securities, and...
3. Communist International
An exceptionally important tool for influencing socialist forces abroad, winning over radical groups in the labor movement in the West, as well as in the national liberation movement in the East, was to be a special international organization, the task of creating which was proclaimed by Lenin back in the April Theses of 1917. The creation of such an organization pursued two goals: weakening or even destruction of the Second and Second and a Half Internationals, controlled by European Social Democrats, and replacing them with an obedient international communist structure subordinate to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party. This new bureaucratic organization became known as the 3rd or Communist International (Comintern).
Initially, state funding of foreign revolutionary movements was carried out as if bashfully and was hidden behind the slogans of the struggle for peace. At a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars on December 9, 1917, Trotsky proposed to allocate 2 million rubles specifically “for the formation of a fund for the struggle for peace.” Using Parvus' existing experience, Borovsky created such a fund in Stockholm. Borovsky, considered the ambassador of the Soviet Republic, which was not formally recognized in Scandinavia, was involved in German money received by the Bolsheviks before the revolution, and was well versed in issues of secret financing of individuals and structures. The fact that the “struggle for peace” meant subversive activities against the authorities of the European powers was obvious and followed from the context of all the speeches of the Bolshevik leaders at that time. But the name stuck and remained for all subsequent decades - “struggle for peace.” The corresponding decree signed by Lenin and Trotsky was published on December 13: “Taking into account that the Soviet government is based on the principles international solidarity and the brotherhood of workers of all countries; that the struggle against war and imperialism can only lead to complete victory on an international scale, the Council of People's Commissars considers it necessary to come by all possible means to the aid of the left internationalist wing of the labor movement of all countries, completely regardless of whether these countries are at war with Russia or in union, or maintain a neutral position. For these purposes, the Council of People's Commissars decides to allocate funds for the needs of the international movement to the disposal of foreign representatives of the Commissariat for foreign affairs 2 million rubles."
These were the first 2 million, which were also allocated openly for organizing revolutions outside the Soviet Republic. Based on the concept of permanent revolution, from the experience of the first months and then years of Bolshevik power in Russia, Trotsky came to the conclusion that it was impossible to build socialism in a backward peasant country, which was Russia, without outside support. He believed that it was necessary to retain power in Russia at all costs, while at the same time in every possible way helping the foreign, especially German, proletariat in its efforts to overthrow the existing system. Only after this will there be a real opportunity to begin building socialism in Russia itself. A few years later, in 1922, Trotsky admitted: “Yes, indeed, in that period we firmly believed that revolutionary development in Western Europe will go at a faster pace,” that the European proletariat, having taken power, “will help us technically and organizationally and thus give us the opportunity, by correcting and changing the methods of our war communism, to arrive at a truly socialist economy.” This approach simultaneously contained Trotsky’s disbelief in the socialist prospects of lonely, backward Russia, isolated from the rest of the world, and his persistent desire to establish the “special mission” of this backward country, where the revolution had no independent meaning, but was supposed to become a catalyst for a foreign revolutionary movement.
Since special hopes were placed primarily on Germany and Austria-Hungary, in February 1918, at the suggestion of Trotsky, the German left social democrat Karl Liebknecht and the Austrian Fritz Adler, who killed the Prime Minister of Austria-Hungary Count Stürgch in 1916, were elected honorary members of the Petrograd Soviet. Following this, again at Trotsky’s suggestion, F. Adler was also elected honorary chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Justifying this proposal, Trotsky, and it sounded wild, gave him credit for precisely the murder of the prime minister of his country, that is, committing a terrorist act.
Preliminary meetings were convened in Petrograd, and then in Moscow, which declared general principles new International. However, the actual registration process international association was delayed, because foreign left socialists were in no hurry to implement the organizational break with their social democratic parties demanded of them by the Moscow leadership, and the German Spartacists, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, did not plan to fall under the control of backward Bolshevik Russia at all, but hoped to create a 3rd The International after the victory of the revolution in Germany on its territory with its center in Berlin.
Nevertheless, the Soviet government, albeit slowly, moved towards the implementation of its plan. Trotsky, naturally, led all propaganda and organizational efforts in this direction, since he was undoubtedly considered the main expert on the world revolution. By May 1, 1918, he wrote an article in which he called modern era“the era of direct struggle of the proletariat for power on an international scale” and proposed to organize the “Third Revolutionary International” in the name of mobilizing proletarian forces to create a “world Soviet republic”.
In January 1919, a formal meeting of representatives of the eight already proclaimed communist parties and left socialist organizations, and one of them - the Balkan Social Democratic Federation - was an association of several parties. It was represented not by the delegate it sent to Moscow, but by Trotsky’s friend Rakovsky, who had once been the chairman of this federation, but now became the head of the Soviet government of Ukraine. All other participants (who took upon themselves the representation of Poles, Hungarians, Austrians, Latvians, Finns, Americans) were also not official delegates of their parties, but ended up in Moscow by chance on completely different matters.
The meeting was led by Lenin and Trotsky, and Lev Davidovich wrote the text of the appeal, which was adopted as a call for the convening of the first congress of a new, revolutionary International. The appeal contained programmatic points, and was based, on the one hand, on the program of the RCP (b), which had not yet been adopted and was only being prepared for discussion at the upcoming VIII Party Congress, scheduled for March, and on the other hand, on the program of the German “Spartacus Union” - the predecessor of the German Communist Party. The fundamental position of the document was the definition of the current era as the era of “the decomposition and collapse of the entire world capitalist system, which will mean the collapse of European culture in general, if capitalism with its insoluble contradictions is not destroyed.” At the same time, the document formulated the tasks of capturing state power, the establishment of the “dictatorship of the proletariat”, “universal arming of the proletariat” and the “socialization” of large-scale industry, that is, all those Bolshevik measures that were carried out in Soviet Russia and in practice led to the establishment of a one-party system, the suppression of the opposition and a civil war, which is not mentioned Members of national communist parties might not know.
On March 4, a conference of foreign communist parties gathered in Moscow, expressing a desire to join the new association, proclaimed the creation of the 3rd Communist International, and declared itself its 1st Congress. Lenin made the main report “On bourgeois democracy and the dictatorship of the proletariat” at the congress. Trotsky wrote the text of the main document of the congress: “The Manifesto of the Communist International to the Proletarians of the World,” the content of which he substantiated in an extensive and colorful speech. The manifesto was approved without discussion by all participants with one abstention - the German Hugo Eberlein, who had instructions from his party not to agree to the establishment of the International without preliminary discussion this issue by the German Communist Party.
If we consider that the Comintern program was adopted only nine years later - in 1928, at the VI Congress of the Comintern, then it becomes clear how important it is for new organization turned out to be this temporary program document written by Trotsky. It described in a very pathetic and figurative form - with large strokes - the picture of those real horrors that caused to humanity world war, and then a very hasty conclusion was made about the “collapse of the capitalist state”, that civil wars are imposed on the working people by the ruling classes and that “the working class cannot help but respond to blow with blow.” Announcing a break with the “outdated official socialist parties,” the 3rd International, through the mouth of Trotsky, proclaimed itself the heir of many generations of revolutionary fighters. The manifesto called on workers of all countries to unite under the communist banner, “which is already the banner of the first great victories.”
Trotsky also spoke at the congress with a report “On the RCP and the Red Army,” in which, in fact, there was not a word about the party, but spoke in some detail about the creation of a disciplined army, about the utopianism of the slogan of the people’s militia in conditions of civil war. And although Trotsky recognized that now the Soviet Republic needed to hold on and survive, he did not abandon the aggressive tone, ending the report with words about his readiness to come to the aid of his Western brothers.
A verbal portrait of Trotsky at the First Congress of the Comintern was captured by the American journalist A. Ransom: “Trotsky in a leather coat, military breeches and gaiters, in a fur hat with the emblem of the Red Army on the frontal part looked very good, but he was a strange figure for those who knew him as one of the largest anti-militarists in [pre-war] Europe."
Appearance and effect of its appearance Trotsky paid great attention. He considered it part of important agitation and propaganda work. Having finished his speech, he was about to leave the podium, but the photographer, who did not have time to take his picture, protested. Trotsky returned and posed on the podium until the photographer took several photographs.
The Congress of the Comintern met in Moscow during the months when the smoke of the revolutionary fire in Europe smelled. Soviet republics were proclaimed in Bavaria (southwestern part of Germany) and in Hungary. Trotsky was convinced that at least Russia should provide direct military assistance to Hungary, which borders Ukraine. On April 18, 1919, Lenin and Trotsky sent a telegram to the Ukrainian Soviet leaders demanding that the main forces of troops be concentrated in the southwestern direction towards Chernivtsi with the aim of “relieving Hungary”, while simultaneously striking the Donbass. Lenin set the same task to Commander-in-Chief Vatsetis on April 22. On May 1, Trotsky, in an extensive letter to the Central Committee regarding the situation in Ukraine, directly spoke about the possibility of actions by the Red Army on the territory of Hungary, and on May 17, he demanded that the Ukrainian authorities allocate a “special army of the Hungarian direction.”
However, hopes for revolutions in Germany and Hungary did not materialize. The German revolution collapsed within a few weeks. German Social Democrats learned lessons from the 1917 revolution in Russia. Where Kerensky allied with the Bolsheviks, fearing Kornilov, the German Social Democrats allied with the German army to defeat the Spartacists led by Liebknecht and Luxemburg. And if the Provisional Government was not ready to deal extrajudicially with Lenin and Trotsky in July 1917, allowing Lenin to escape to Finland and keeping Trotsky in prison, German social democratic politicians and military leadership They took such an unprecedented action as announcing a reward for the capture and murder of the leaders of the German revolution. The Spartacist uprising was crushed. Liebknecht and Luxemburg are captured and killed. While the Soviet government was deciding whether to intervene in Hungarian affairs, the Hungarian Soviet Republic fell under the blows of internal anti-communist forces supported by neighboring Romania and the Entente.
This development of events forced Trotsky to dramatically change the strategic direction of Soviet expansion. On August 5, 1919, while on his train at the Lubny station, he sent an extensive letter-report to the Central Committee of the RCP (b), a unique document about his planned Soviet external expansion to the East:
“The collapse of the Hungarian Republic, our failures in Ukraine and our possible loss Black Sea coast, along with our successes on the Eastern Front, are significantly changing our international orientation, bringing to the fore what was still in the background yesterday. Of course, the time is now such that big events in the West can come, and soon. But the failure of the general demonstrative strike, the strangulation of the Hungarian Republic, the continuation of open support for the campaign against Russia - all these are symptoms that indicate that the incubation, preparatory period of the revolution in the West may continue for a very considerable time. This means that Anglo-French militarism will still retain a certain amount of vitality and strength, and our Red Army in the arena of European paths of world politics will turn out to be a rather modest figure not only for the offensive, but also for defense. Under these conditions, the small White Guard countries on the western outskirts can create “cover” for us for the time being.
The situation seems different if we stand facing east. True, intelligence and operational reports eastern front so generally and essentially careless that I still have not formed a completely accurate idea of whether we completely defeated Kolchak or just beat him, still giving him the opportunity to withdraw significant forces to the Omsk meridian. In any case, a fairly wide gate to Asia is open here, where - assuming even the worst, that is, that Kolchak is far from defeated - we are still confronted by small, isolated forces with extremely extended and unsecured communications.
There remains, however, the question of Japanese troops in Siberia, which number several tens of thousands. This figure in itself is insignificant for the Siberian spaces. In addition, available information suggests that the Japanese did not advance west of Irkutsk. There is every reason to believe that America will oppose Japan's advance into Siberia more than ever. Kolchak was directly American agent. When landing its divisions in Vladivostok, Japan motivated this by the fact that it needed guarantees against the Americanization that Kolchak was carrying out. Now things have taken a different turn. Kolchak is fading away in Japan - in anticipation of our further progress to the east - you will have to either significantly increase your occupation troops, or move away. An increase in Japanese forces in Siberia while eliminating Kolchak would mean for America the Japaneseization of Siberia, and, of course, cannot be accepted by it without resistance. In this case, we could probably even count on direct support for the Washington scoundrels against Japan. In any case, with our advance into Siberia, the antagonism of Japan and the United States would create a favorable situation for us.
There is no doubt that on the Asian fields of world politics our Red Army is an incomparably more significant force than on the European fields. Here we have the undoubted possibility of not only waiting for a long time to see how events unfold in Europe, but also being active along Asian lines. The road to India may turn out to be more passable and shorter for us at the moment than the road to Soviet Hungary. An army that cannot yet have a major significance on the European scale can disrupt the unstable balance of Asian relations of colonial dependence, give a direct impetus to an uprising among the oppressed masses and ensure the victory of such an uprising in Asia.
Of course, operations in the east involve the creation and strengthening powerful base in the Urals. We need this base. In any case, no matter in which direction we will have to face over the next months or perhaps years - towards the West or the East. It is necessary to revive the Urals at all costs. All the labor that we spent or were going to spend on workers’ settlements in the Don region, on food detachments, etc., must now be concentrated in the Urals. We need to send our best scientific and technical forces, the best organizers and administrators there. We need to revive the idea that we had last spring under the influence of the German offensive: to concentrate industry in the Urals and around the Urals. Likewise, we must immediately give a serious character to our Soviet work in the cleared areas of Siberia. Need to go there best elements Ukrainian Party, now freed “for reasons beyond our control” from Soviet work. If they lost Ukraine, let them conquer Siberia for the Soviet revolution. With the conquest of the steppe Ural or Trans-Ural spaces, we get the opportunity to widely form cavalry, for which Chrysostom will provide the necessary weapons. We have not had enough cavalry until now. But if cavalry in a mobile civil war, as experience has shown, is of great importance, then its role in Asian operations seems undeniably decisive. A few months ago, one serious military worker proposed a plan to create a cavalry corps (30,000 - 40,000 horsemen) with the expectation of throwing it at India.
Of course, such a plan requires careful preparation– both material and political. We have hitherto paid too little attention to Asian agitation. Meanwhile international situation It appears that the route to Paris and London lies through the cities of Afghanistan, Punjab and Bengal.
Our military successes in the Urals and Siberia should enormously raise the prestige of the Soviet revolution throughout oppressed Asia. It is necessary to use this moment and concentrate somewhere in the Urals or Turkestan a revolutionary academy, the political and military headquarters of the Asian revolution, which in the near future may turn out to be much more capable than the executive committee of the 3rd International. It is necessary now to begin more serious organization in this direction, to concentrate the necessary forces, linguists, book translators, to attract native revolutionaries - by all means and methods available to us.
Of course, we previously had in mind the need to promote revolution in Asia and never renounced offensive revolutionary wars. But not so long ago, with a significant degree of reason, we turned all our attention and all our thoughts to the West. The Baltic region was with us. In Poland, the revolution seemed to be unfolding at a rapid pace. There was Soviet power in Hungary. Soviet Ukraine declared war on Romania and was planning to move west to join Soviet Hungary. Possession of Odessa opened up for us a more or less direct and reliable connection not only with the centers of the Balkan revolution, but also with French and English ports, where we sent a significant amount of communist literature. Now, I repeat, the situation has changed dramatically and we need to be clear about this. The Baltic states are not ours. In Germany, the communist movement, after the first period of storm and stress, was driven inside and, perhaps, for a long series of months. The defeat of Soviet Hungary will, in all likelihood, delay the workers' revolution in small countries: in Bulgaria, Poland, Galicia, Romania, and the Balkans. How long will this period last? “This, of course, cannot be predicted, but it could last a year, or two, or five years.” The preservation of the current flayer capitalism for at least a few years means inevitable attempts to worsen colonial exploitation, and on the other hand, equally inevitable attempts at uprisings. Asia may become the scene of imminent uprisings. Our task is to make the necessary shift in the center of gravity of our international orientation in a timely manner.
Of course, now there can be no talk of weakening our struggle on the Southern Front. But the possibility cannot be ruled out that over the next year the uprisings of the Ukrainian peasants will be suppressed not by us, but by Denikin, just as during the past year the peasant uprisings in Siberia had to be fought not by the Soviet government, but by Kolchak.
In any case, the European revolution seemed to have moved away. And what is absolutely beyond doubt is that we ourselves moved away from west to east. We have lost Riga, Vilna, we risk losing Odessa, Petrograd is under attack. We returned Perm, Yekaterinburg, Zlatoust and Chelyabinsk. From this change of situation follows the need for a change of orientation. In the coming period, the preparation of “elements” for an Asian orientation and, in particular, the preparation of a military strike against India, to help the Hindu revolution, can only have a preliminary, preparatory character. First of all - detailed development of the plan, study of its implementation, attraction of the necessary trained persons, creation of a completely competent organization.
This report aims to draw the attention of the Central Committee to the issue raised here.”
However, Trotsky’s plans for a campaign in India and other countries of the East did not receive the direct approval of Lenin and the Central Committee. On September 20, Trotsky sent a new letter to the Central Committee with a proposal to “move to a policy of decisiveness and swiftness in the East,” and to instruct the Revolutionary Military Council to concentrate material and human reserves in Turkestan for a push to the south. Restrained towards Trotsky's eastern plans, Lenin nevertheless agreed with plans to create an weapons base in Turkestan and prepare loyal people to establish connections with countries Southeast Asia. “Trotsky’s ideas found support and received a certain practical development, but at that time did not lead to a significant change in guidelines,” historian Ya.S. writes with good reason. Drabkin.
Trotsky returned to eastern plans later. On January 20, 1920, he issued an order according to which the Eastern Department was established at the Academy of the Red Army from February 1, 1920. The regulations on it noted the need to train specialists in oriental studies for service on the eastern outskirts and in the neighboring countries of the Middle, Near and Far East, including in the military-diplomatic profile. The department studied English, Turkish, Persian, Hindustani, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian. In addition, the students were taught such diverse, but practically important items, How short course Islamic law, regional studies, military geography, history and practice of diplomatic relations, trade law. The study of these disciplines did not relieve one from studying military affairs. The duration of training was initially set at two years, but was soon increased to three years. Every year the department accepted 20 people, that is, training was carried out almost individually.
In conditions when a reorientation of the Bolshevik expansion to the East was first undertaken, and then the Western military-political direction was mainly returned, in the summer of 1920 the Second Congress of the Comintern was convened, which became the founding congress of the Comintern, because it adopted founding documents: conditions for admission to the Comintern; charter and programmatic and political theses prepared by Lenin on agrarian-peasant and national-colonial issues. By this time, the first serious differences had emerged between the Russian leadership, seeking to subordinate the Communist Parties to Moscow, and the national Communist Parties, which were trying to maintain independence on a parity basis with Russia. Those who were not ready to submit were expelled from the Comintern or were initially not included in it. Thus, F. Adler, who eventually realized that Trotsky was using his name to introduce Adler into the newly formed Austrian Communist Party, already subordinate to Moscow, refused to join the party and was expelled from his honorary position in the Petrosovet and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The initiator of these expulsions in May 1920 was also Trotsky. With his characteristic cynicism, Lev Davidovich proclaimed at VII All-Russian Congress Soviets that of the two honorary chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, one - Liebknecht - “died, but is alive for us”, the second - Adler - “is alive, but died for us”.
Adler did not remain in debt. In a response letter to Trotsky “regarding his excommunication,” he protested against the fact that after the October Revolution “barracks, children, and regiments were named after him in Russia.” “Your friends decided to use me for their advertising,” wrote Adler, “and Zinoviev simply attached a Bolshevik stamp to me... You sent money to Austria for a coup. Unfortunately, you could not send a little more political intelligence with the money... never had a taste for titles and orders. And I would not have spent a single word on this matter on my own. But since you are apparently even in this hard time If you have time for such ceremonies, I will allow myself to stop your attention for a moment in order to remind you with this example how little we know each other.”
At the Second Congress of the Comintern, Trotsky, busy with military affairs, participated only in part of the meetings. This was the time of the Polish campaign, negotiations for a truce with the countries that “incited Poland against us and fueled its offensive.” And Trotsky could not arrive in Moscow until the second decade of July. But it was Trotsky who was tasked with writing an extensive manifesto of the congress, which was then signed by delegates of 32 parties and groups that had by that time joined the Comintern. On behalf of Russian delegation The signatures were put by Lenin, Zinoviev, Bukharin and Trotsky. The document gave a communist interpretation international relations, which emerged after the World War, in particular after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, and it was concluded that there were only two great powers left in the world: Great Britain and the USA. Trotsky emphasized, however, that despite the power that Britain had achieved, especially on the seas, the United States was increasingly moving forward. “Under the flag of the League of Nations,” wrote Trotsky, “the United States attempted to extend its experience of uniting large and diverse masses of the population”—the inhabitants of the United States—“to the other side of the ocean, to attach the peoples of Europe and other parts of the world to its golden chariot, securing control over them control from Washington." For all the political bias in these judgments, there was a certain grain of truth in them. Trotsky was one of the first to point out that in the post-war world the United States was beginning to occupy a dominant position.
The document also addressed problems of economic and political development capitalist countries, in particular Germany. Particularly harsh, offensive epithets were addressed to her, which, apparently, then seemed to experienced analysts to be just phraseology, but in fact turned out to be very close to the truth, perhaps to some extent even prophetic: “Belated German parliamentarism, a miscarriage of bourgeois revolution, which itself is a miscarriage of history, suffers in infancy from all the diseases of canine old age. The “most democratic in the world” Reichstag of the Ebert Republic is powerless not only before Foch’s marshal’s baton, but also before the stock exchange machinations of its Stinnes, as well as before the military conspiracies of its officer clique. German parliamentary democracy is an empty space between two dictatorships."
This prediction, however, is still up in the air. It was replaced by curses addressed to the German Social Democracy, which committed “the most vile betrayal” by not agreeing to an alliance with Soviet Russia. “Soviet Germany, united with Soviet Russia, would immediately be stronger than all capitalist states combined!” To this, however, it should be added that Soviet Russia, in the period preceding the German revolution, did not enter into an alliance with the German left-wing Social Democrats, but instead concluded a separate peace agreement - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- with German “imperialism” and so helped the latter to defeat the Spartacist movement. So if anyone should have been accused of “the most vile betrayal,” it would have been the German left Bolsheviks, and not vice versa.
At the end of the document, Trotsky resorted to his favorite argument, proclaiming that “civil war throughout the world has been placed on the order of the day. Its banner is Soviet power.” The Communist International was seen as an international party, and not as an association of parties. Separate national parties appeared, in accordance with the statutes of the Comintern, only as sections obliged to reject all the “fetishes” of bourgeois power: legality, democracy, national defense etc. The manifesto prepared by Trotsky and adopted by the Congress was, therefore, a document that loudly proclaimed the spread of the Bolshevik dictatorship to the whole world - under the guise of proletarian revolutions and national liberation movements. It was a document of revolutionary expansion, which by no means excluded military aggression, completely incompatible with numerous statements by the Soviet government about its intention to stop hostile actions directed against capitalist countries and move on to establishing diplomatic and economic relations with them.
At the first meeting of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI), elected by the congress, the composition of this body was approved, which included six people from Russia, including Trotsky. He participated in some meetings of the ECCI and spoke at them. Trotsky dedicated his speech on November 21, 1920 to the politics of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany and the left group that had broken away from the German Communist Party, which he accused of distrust of the proletarian masses and of putschism. Trotsky, of course, did not imagine that it was precisely these left-wing radicals, whom he criticized in 1920, that after Trotsky’s expulsion from the USSR would become his main support in Europe.
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The state of affairs in the Comintern is excellent! I, as well as Zinoviev and Bukharin, are confident that right now we should encourage the revolutionary movement in Italy, and also pay attention to establishing the power of the councils in Hungary, and maybe also in the Czech Republic and Romania.
Telegram from Lenin to Stalin, July 1920
The main purpose of the creation of the Comintern (Communist International) was to spread the socialist revolution throughout the world. Let me remind you that Lenin and Trotsky (the ideological inspirers of the 1917 revolution) were convinced that it was impossible to build socialism in one single country. To do this, it is necessary to overthrow the bourgeois elements throughout the world, and only then begin the construction of socialism. For these purposes, the leadership of the RSFSR created the Comintern as the main means of its foreign policy, to help other states “socialize”.
First Congress of the Comintern
The first congress of the Communist International took place in March 1919. In fact, this is the time of the creation of the Comintern. The activities of the first congress decided several important points:
- A “rule” was established for the work of this body in order to work with workers from different countries, calling on them to fight capital. Remember the famous slogan “Workers of all countries unite!”? This is exactly where it came from.
- The leadership of the Comintern was to be carried out by a special body - the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).
- Zinoviev became the head of the ECCI.
Thus, the main task of creating the Communist International was clearly outlined - creating conditions, including financial ones, for the implementation of the world socialist revolution.
Second Congress of the Comintern
The second congress began at the end of 1919 in Petrograd and continued in 1920 in Moscow. By the time it began, the Red Army (Red Army) was fighting successfully and the Bolshevik leaders were confident not only of their own victory in Russia, but also that there were only a few pushes left to “ignite the hearth of the world revolution.” It was at the second congress of the Comintern that it was clearly formulated that the Red Army was the basis for creating a revolution throughout the world.
The ideas of uniting the efforts of Soviet Russia and Soviet Germany for the revolutionary movement were also voiced here.
It must be clearly understood that the main task of creating the Communist International lies precisely in the armed struggle against capital throughout the world. In some textbooks you have to read that the Bolsheviks wanted to bring revolution to other peoples with money and persuasion. But this was not the case, and the leadership of the RCP (b) understood this very well. Here, for example, is what one of the ideological inspirers of both the Revolution and the Comintern, Bukharin, said:
To build communism, the proletariat must become the master of the world, conquer it. But one cannot think that this can be achieved with just one movement of the finger. To achieve our task we need bayonets and rifles. The Red Army carries the essence of socialism and workers' power for a common revolution. This is our privilege. This is the right of the Red Army to intervene.
Bukharin, 1922
But the activities of the Comintern did not produce any practical results:
- In 1923, the revolutionary situation in Germany worsened. All attempts by the Comintern to put pressure on the Ruhr region, Saxony and Hamburg were unsuccessful. Although colossal amounts of money were spent on this.
- In September 1923, an uprising began in Bulgaria, but it was very quickly stopped by the authorities, and the Communist International did not have time to provide the necessary assistance.
Change of course of the Comintern
The change in course of the Comintern is associated with the refusal of the Soviet government from the world revolution. This was connected purely with internal political affairs, and with Stalin’s victory over Trotsky. Let me remind you that it was Stalin who acted as an active opponent of the world revolution, saying that the victory of socialism in one country, especially in such a large one as Russia, is a unique phenomenon. Therefore, we must not look for pie in the sky, but build socialism here and now. Moreover, even active supporters of the idea of world revolution became clear that this idea was utopian and impossible to realize. Therefore, at the end of 1926, the Comintern ceased its active activities.
In the same 1926, Bukharin replaced Zinoviev at the head of the ECCI. And along with the change of leadership, the course also changed. If earlier the Comintern wanted to spark a revolution, now all its efforts went towards creating a positive image of the USSR and socialism as a whole.
Therefore, we can say that the main task of creating the Communist International is to incite a world revolution. After 1926, this task changed - creating a positive image of the Soviet state.